[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-385871-105":59,"doc-detail-385871-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","targeting-oral-tumor-microenvironment-for-effective-therapy","Targeting oral tumor microenvironment for effective therapy","","Oral cancers are common head and neck malignancies, and therapies can involve chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation, and targeted molecular approaches. Evidence over the past decade shows that tumor growth is shaped not only by malignant cells but also by tumor microenvironment components, including extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive populations. Key drivers include tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and regulatory T cells, while CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer cells support antitumor control. This review analyzes interactions and mechanisms underlying resistance, and surveys potential clinical targets and strategies to improve treatment of oral malignancies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/targeting-oral-tumor-microenvironment-for-effective-therapy/385871/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/targeting-oral-tumor-microenvironment-for-effective-therapy/385871.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Genevieve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What roles do tumor microenvironment components play in oral cancer progression?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Oral tumor progression is influenced by extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells such as tumor-associated macrophages, MDSCs, CAFs, and Tregs, which promote growth and therapy resistance.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which immune cells suppress malignant cell proliferation in oral cancers?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Infiltrated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells act as key antitumor cells that suppress proliferation of malignant cells.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does this review propose improving therapy for oral malignancies?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It reviews interactions within the oral tumor microenvironment, resistance mechanisms, and potential targets or approaches, including modulation of immunosuppressive components and stimulation of anticancer immunity, plus adjuvants or combination therapies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},385871,1790730212,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1374391974585,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Budi and Farhood Cancer Cell International (2023) 23:101 Cancer Cell International  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-023-02943-5](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-023-02943-5)  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nTargeting oral tumor microenvironment for effective therapy  \nHendrik Setia Budi 1* and Bagher Farhood2*  \nAbstract  \nOral cancers are among the common head and neck malignancies. Different anticancer therapy modalities such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and also targeted molecular therapy may be prescribed for targeting oral malignancies. Traditionally, it has been assumed that targeting malignant cells alone by anticancer modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy suppresses tumor growth. In the last decade, a large number of experiments have confirmed the pivotal role of other cells and secreted molecules in the tumor microenvironment (TME) on tumor progression. Extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells such as tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play key roles in the progression of tumors like oral cancers and resistance to therapy. On the other hand, infiltrated CD4 +and CD8 + T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells are key anti-tumor cells that suppress the proliferation of malignant cells. Modulation of extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells, and also stimulation of anticancer immunity have been suggested to treat oral malignancies more effectively. Furthermore, the administration of some adjuvants or combination therapy modalities may suppress oral malignancies more effectively. In this review, we discuss various interactions between oral cancer cells and TME. Furthermore, we also review the basic mechanisms within oral TME that may cause resistance to therapy. Potential targets and approaches for overcoming the resistance of oral cancers to various anticancer modalities will also be reviewed. The findings for targeting cells and potential therapeutic targets in clinical studies will also be reviewed.  \nKeywords Oral Cancer, Tumor Microenvironment, Immunotherapy, Cancer-Associated fibroblasts, Tumor-Associated Macrophages, CD8 +T lymphocytes  \n*Correspondence:  \nHendrik Setia Budi [hendrik-s-b@fkg.unair.ac.id](hendrik-s-b@fkg.unair.ac.id)[ ](hendrik-s-b@fkg.unair.ac.id)Bagher Farhood  \n[farhood-b@kaums.ac.ir](farhood-b@kaums.ac.ir); [bffarhood@gmail.com](bffarhood@gmail.com)  \n1Department of Oral Biology, Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia  \n2Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran  \nIntroduction  \nThe incidence of cancer is increasing in the world. Oral cavity malignancies are the 16th most common typeof cancer in the world. However, the incidence of these cancers is very different for men and women [1]. GLOBOCAN 2020 reported that the incidence of oral cancers is more than 377,000 cases worldwide with more than 177,000 deaths [2]. The incidence of oral cancers is more common in developing countries like India, Bangladesh, Taiwan, and others. It has been reported that some risk factors such as smoking, human papillomavirus (HPV), alcohol, poor oral cavity hygiene, and drinking hot liquids (like tea) increase the risk of oral malignancies [3, 4].  \n© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the ar","cbCaihCw8kmnExgV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihCw8kmnExgV","pdf",2403150,27,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What roles do tumor microenvironment components play in oral cancer progression?\",\"answer\":\"Oral tumor progression is influenced by extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells such as tumor-associated macrophages, MDSCs, CAFs, and Tregs, which promote growth and therapy resistance.\"},{\"question\":\"Which immune cells suppress malignant cell proliferation in oral cancers?\",\"answer\":\"Infiltrated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells act as key antitumor cells that suppress proliferation of malignant cells.\"},{\"question\":\"How does this review propose improving therapy for oral malignancies?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews interactions within the oral tumor microenvironment, resistance mechanisms, and potential targets or approaches, including modulation of immunosuppressive components and stimulation of anticancer immunity, plus adjuvants or combination therapies.\"}]","Targeting oral tumor microenvironment for effective therapy | PDF",1790271323,68]