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While conventional care relies on chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and surgery, increasing focus highlights neoantigens—tumor-specific antigens arising from genetic alterations, especially single nucleotide variants. Neoantigens can trigger immune recognition via MHC I/II and T-cell receptors, enabling neoantigen-specific T cells and vaccines. In breast cancer, biomarkers such as TP53, Survivin, PALB2, and PTPRT show promise; the review also analyzes barriers to patient distribution, plus limitations, future directions, and the role of transcriptomics for personalized medicine.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/targeting-neoantigens-in-cancer-possibilities-and-opportunities-in-breast-cancer/332168/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/targeting-neoantigens-in-cancer-possibilities-and-opportunities-in-breast-cancer/332168.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Violet","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are neoantigens in the context of cancer and breast cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Neoantigens are tumor-specific antigens generated by genetic alterations, most commonly single nucleotide variants. 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Targeting Neoantigens in Cancer: Possibilities and Opportunities in Breast Cancer. Antibodies 2024, 13, 46 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)antib13020046  \nAcademic Editor: Itai Benhar  \nReceived: 13 May 2024  \nRevised: 5 June 2024  \nAccepted: 6 June 2024  \nPublished: 10 June 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nDepartment of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; [zuhair.chaudhry@westernu.edu](zuhair.chaudhry@westernu.edu) (Z.C.);  \n[anik.boyadzhyan@westernu.edu](anik.boyadzhyan@westernu.edu) (A.B.); [kayvan.sasaninia@westernu.edu](kayvan.sasaninia@westernu.edu) (K.S.)  \n* [Correspondence: vrai@westernu.edu](Correspondence: vrai@westernu.edu); Tel.: +909-469-7043  \nAbstract: As one of the most prevalent forms of cancer worldwide, breast cancer has garnered significant attention within the clinical research setting. While traditional treatment employs a multidisciplinary approach including a variety of therapies such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and even surgery, researchers have since directed their attention to the budding role of neoantigens. Neoantigens are defined as tumor-specific antigens that result from a multitude of genetic alterations, the most prevalent of which is the single nucleotide variant. As a result of their foreign nature, neoantigens elicit immune responses upon presentation by Major Histocompatibility Complexes I and II followed by recognition by T cell receptors. Previously, researchers have been able to utilize these immunogenic properties and manufacture neoantigen-specific T-cells and neoantigen vaccines. Within the context of breast cancer, biomarkers such as tumor protein 53 (TP53), Survivin, Partner and Localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2), and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor T (PTPRT) display exceeding potential to serve as neoantigens. However, despite their seemingly limitless potential, neoantigens must overcome various obstacles if they are to be fairly distributed to patients. For instance, a prolonged period between the identification of a neoantigen and the dispersal of treatment poses a serious risk within the context of breast cancer. Regardless of these current obstacles, it appears highly promising that future research into neoantigens will make an everlasting impact on the health outcomes within the realm of breast cancer. The purpose of this literature review is to comprehensively discuss the etiology of various forms of breast cancer and current treatment modalities followed by the significance of neoantigens in cancer therapeutics and their application to breast cancer. Further, we have discussed the limitations, future directions, and the role of transcriptomics in neoantigen identification and personalized medicine. The concepts discussed in the original and review articles were included in this review article.  \nKeywords: breast cancer; immune response; neoantigens; targeted therapy; personalized therapy  \n1. Introduction  \nThe World Health Organization lists cancer as a leading cause of death worldwide accounting for approximately 10 million deaths in 2020 [1] . Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer accounting for 2.3 million cases and responsible for 685,000 deaths globally [2] . In the United States, the incidence of breast cancer in females is 119 pe","cbCaiuHrg1O7WHpH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuHrg1O7WHpH","pdf",999058,18,"English","# Introduction\n# Risk factors and breast cancer subtypes\n# Neoantigens and immunological mechanisms\n# Therapeutic applications in breast cancer\n# Biomarkers and clinical challenges\n# Future directions and transcriptomics in neoantigen identification","[{\"question\":\"What are neoantigens in the context of cancer and breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Neoantigens are tumor-specific antigens generated by genetic alterations, most commonly single nucleotide variants. In breast cancer, they can be recognized through MHC I/II presentation followed by T-cell receptor recognition.\"},{\"question\":\"How could neoantigens be used in cancer therapy?\",\"answer\":\"Researchers can exploit neoantigen immunogenicity to develop neoantigen-specific T cells and neoantigen vaccines. The review further discusses how this concept can translate to breast cancer therapeutics and targeted approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do neoantigens face challenges before being widely distributed to patients?\",\"answer\":\"Neoantigen-based strategies must overcome obstacles such as delays between neoantigen identification and treatment distribution. Such timing gaps can create serious risks in breast cancer care.\"}]","Targeting Neoantigens in Cancer: Possibilities and Opportunities in Breast Cancer | PDF",1789997162,45]