[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-331812-105":59,"doc-detail-331812-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","targeting-innate-immunity-in-glioma-therapy-review","Targeting Innate Immunity in Glioma Therapy - review","","Current glioblastomas (GBMs) lack effective therapies, and despite advances in cancer immunotherapies, overall survival improvements remain limited. Progressing GBM treatment depends on clarifying molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive resistance to immunotherapy, especially within innate immune responses. This review summarizes innate immunity and discusses therapies designed to enhance innate signaling, including Toll-like receptor activation, stress responses, type I interferon strategies, therapeutic antibodies, immune checkpoint antibodies, natural killer cells, oncolytic virotherapy, and microbiome modulation. Preclinical and clinical findings suggest that deeper mechanistic insight could strengthen immunotherapy and amplify chemotherapy and radiotherapy effects.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/targeting-innate-immunity-in-glioma-therapy-review/331812/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/targeting-innate-immunity-in-glioma-therapy-review/331812.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Logic","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are current immunotherapies limited in glioblastoma (GBM)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"GBM is described as immunologically “cold,” with limited tumor-infiltrating T cells, which likely contributes to poor immunotherapy efficacy. The tumor also modulates normal brain cells and suppresses innate and adaptive immune responses.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What innate immunity components are central to this review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review emphasizes innate immune signaling driven by PAMPs and DAMPs, recognized by receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These signals trigger immediate activation of innate immune defenses.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which therapeutic strategies are discussed to boost innate immunity in gliomas?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Strategies include activating Toll-like receptors, inducing stress responses, enhancing innate immune responses, using type-I interferon therapy, therapeutic antibodies and immune checkpoint antibodies, natural killer (NK) cell approaches, oncolytic virotherapy, and microbiome manipulation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},331812,1790147991,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099513958762,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253","Review  \nTargeting Innate Immunity in Glioma Therapy  \nAndrew G. Gillard 1,2, Dong Ho Shin 1,2, Lethan A. Hampton 1, Andres Lopez-Rivas 1,2, Akhila Parthasarathy 1,2, Juan Fueyo 1,2,* and Candelaria Gomez-Manzano 1,2, *  \nCitation: Gillard, A.G.; Shin, D.H.; Hampton, L.A.; Lopez-Rivas, A.; Parthasarathy, A.; Fueyo, J.;  \nGomez-Manzano, C. Targeting Innate Immunity in Glioma Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 947. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020947](doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020947)  \nAcademic Editors: Peter J. K. Kuppen and Teresa Ribalta  \nReceived: 10 November 2023  \nRevised: 7 December 2023  \nAccepted: 8 January 2024  \nPublished: 12 January 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; [aggillard@mdanderson.org](aggillard@mdanderson.org) (A.G.G.); [dshin4@mdanderson.org](dshin4@mdanderson.org) (D.H.S.); [lahampton@mdanderson.org](lahampton@mdanderson.org) (L.A.H.); [arlopez3@mdanderson.org](arlopez3@mdanderson.org) (A.L.-R.); [aparthasarathy1@mdanderson.org](aparthasarathy1@mdanderson.org) (A.P.)  \n2 MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA  \n* [Correspondence: jfueyo@mdanderson.org](Correspondence: jfueyo@mdanderson.org) (J.F.); [cmanzano@mdanderson.org](cmanzano@mdanderson.org) (C.G.-M.)  \nAbstract: Currently, there is a lack of effective therapies for the majority of glioblastomas (GBMs), the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. While immunotherapies have shown promise in treating various types of cancers, they have had limited success in improving the overall survival of GBM patients. Therefore, advancing GBM treatment requires a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause resistance to immunotherapy. Further insights into the innate immune response are crucial for developing more potent treatments for brain tumors. Our review provides a brief overview of innate immunity. In addition, we provide a discussion of current therapies aimed at boosting the innate immunity in gliomas. These approaches encompass strategies to activate Toll-like receptors, induce stress responses, enhance the innate immune response, leverage interferon type-I therapy, therapeutic antibodies, immune checkpoint antibodies, natural killer (NK) cells, and oncolytic virotherapy, and manipulate the microbiome. Both preclinical and clinical studies indicate that a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the innate immune response in GBM could enhance immunotherapy and reinforce the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Consequently, a more comprehensive understanding of the innate immune response against cancer should lead to better prognoses and increased overall survival for GBM patients.  \nKeywords: innate immunity; glioma; immunotherapy; adaptive therapy; virotherapy  \n1. Introduction  \nPrimary malignant brain tumor incidence is approximately 7 per 100,000 individuals, and approximately 50% of those are glioblastomas (GBM) . The standard of care for GBM has not changed since 2005 and involves surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, including temozolomide [1] . GBM diagnosis is associated with a median survival of approximately 15 months and a 5-year survival of approximately 36%[2,3] . These tumors are known for early infiltration, limiting the effectiveness of surgical resection [4] . Another critical challenge during GBM treatment is the heterogeneity of cancer cells in terms of phenotype, genotype, and function; therefore, attempts to identify molecular mechanisms common to","cbCaihSTWFpC0LoJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihSTWFpC0LoJ","pdf",3087795,17,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Current challenges in GBM therapy\n## Immune “cold” tumor microenvironment\n## Innate immunity signaling (PAMPs and DAMPs)\n## Toll-like receptors and immune activation","[{\"question\":\"Why are current immunotherapies limited in glioblastoma (GBM)?\",\"answer\":\"GBM is described as immunologically “cold,” with limited tumor-infiltrating T cells, which likely contributes to poor immunotherapy efficacy. The tumor also modulates normal brain cells and suppresses innate and adaptive immune responses.\"},{\"question\":\"What innate immunity components are central to this review?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes innate immune signaling driven by PAMPs and DAMPs, recognized by receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These signals trigger immediate activation of innate immune defenses.\"},{\"question\":\"Which therapeutic strategies are discussed to boost innate immunity in gliomas?\",\"answer\":\"Strategies include activating Toll-like receptors, inducing stress responses, enhancing innate immune responses, using type-I interferon therapy, therapeutic antibodies and immune checkpoint antibodies, natural killer (NK) cell approaches, oncolytic virotherapy, and microbiome manipulation.\"}]","Targeting Innate Immunity in Glioma Therapy - review | PDF",1789995278,43]