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Despite a 31% mortality reduction since 1991, treatment remains difficult due to cancer heterogeneity and complexity, including treatment resistance, cancer stem cells, and the tumor microenvironment (TME). The review explains how TME interactions shape tumor growth and therapy resistance.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/targeting-cancer-microenvironment-and-immunotherapy-innovations/344121/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/targeting-cancer-microenvironment-and-immunotherapy-innovations/344121.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Clementine","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) matter in cancer therapy?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The TME includes tumor and immune cells, blood vessels, and biochemical factors that influence tumor growth and therapy resistance. Understanding these interactions supports the development of more effective treatments.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What major obstacles to cancer treatment are emphasized?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Cancer’s inherent heterogeneity and complexity are highlighted, including treatment resistance, cancer stem cells, and multiple mechanisms that drive relapse and resistance.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How have immuno-oncology innovations used TME interactions?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Recent advances, especially in immuno-oncology, leverage insights into how immune components and tumor microenvironment features interact. 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Targeting Cancer: Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Innovations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 13569. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413569](doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413569)  \nAcademic Editor: Cristina Peña  \nReceived: 13 November 2024  \nRevised: 12 December 2024  \nAccepted: 16 December 2024  \nPublished: 18 December 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Center of Cellular Immunotherapies, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; [irena_pruszynska1@sggw.edu.pl](irena_pruszynska1@sggw.edu.pl) (I.B.P.-P.); [bartlomiej_taciak@sggw.edu.pl](bartlomiej_taciak@sggw.edu.pl) (B.T.); [anna_smolarska@sggw.edu.pl](anna_smolarska@sggw.edu.pl) (A.S.); [malgorzata_gorczak@sggw.edu.pl](malgorzata_gorczak@sggw.edu.pl) (M.G.); [paulina_kucharzewska-siembieda@sggw.edu.pl](paulina_kucharzewska-siembieda@sggw.edu.pl) (P.K.); [malgorzata_kubiak@sggw.edu.pl](malgorzata_kubiak@sggw.edu.pl) (M.K.); [jacek_szeliga@sggw.edu.pl](jacek_szeliga@sggw.edu.pl) (J.S.)  \n2 Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; [lukasz_kiraga@sggw.edu.pl](lukasz_kiraga@sggw.edu.pl)  \n[3](3 Department of Immunology)[ Department of Immunology](3 Department of Immunology), [Collegium Medicum](Collegium Medicum), [University of Zielona G](University of Zielona G)ó[ra](ra), [65-046 Zielona G](65-046 Zielona G)óra, Poland; [a.matejuk@inz.uz.zgora.pl](a.matejuk@inz.uz.zgora.pl)  \n* [Correspondence: magdalena_krol@sggw.edu.pl](Correspondence: magdalena_krol@sggw.edu.pl)  \nAbstract: In 2024, the United States was projected to experience 2 million new cancer diagnosesand approximately 611,720 cancer-related deaths, reflecting a broader global trend in which cancer cases are anticipated to exceed 35 million by 2050 . This increasing burden highlights ongoing challenges in cancer treatment despite significant advances that have reduced cancer mortality by 31% since 1991 . Key obstacles include the disease’s inherent heterogeneity and complexity, such as treatment resistance, cancer stem cells, and the multifaceted tumor microenvironment (TME) . The TME—comprising various tumor and immune cells, blood vessels, and biochemical factors—plays a crucial role in tumor growth and resistance to therapies. Recent innovations in cancer treatment, particularly in the field of immuno-oncology, have leveraged insights into TME interactions.  \nAn emerging example is the FDA-approved therapy using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), demonstrating the potential of cell-based approaches in solid tumors. However, TIL therapy is just one of many strategies being explored. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of immuno-oncology, focusing on how novel therapies targeting or harnessing components of the TME could enhance treatment efficacy and address persistent challenges in cancer care.  \nKeywords: cancer immunotherapy; tumor microenvironment; tumor-associated macrophages; natural killer cells; dendritic cells; Tregs  \n1. Introduction  \nIn 2024, it was estimated that 2 million new cancer cases would be diagnosed in the United States,","cbCaiqqP0CcBluc3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqqP0CcBluc3","pdf",1805295,29,"English","# Introduction\n## Tumor microenvironment and immuno-oncology innovations","[{\"question\":\"Why does targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) matter in cancer therapy?\",\"answer\":\"The TME includes tumor and immune cells, blood vessels, and biochemical factors that influence tumor growth and therapy resistance. Understanding these interactions supports the development of more effective treatments.\"},{\"question\":\"What major obstacles to cancer treatment are emphasized?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer’s inherent heterogeneity and complexity are highlighted, including treatment resistance, cancer stem cells, and multiple mechanisms that drive relapse and resistance.\"},{\"question\":\"How have immuno-oncology innovations used TME interactions?\",\"answer\":\"Recent advances, especially in immuno-oncology, leverage insights into how immune components and tumor microenvironment features interact. This has enabled strategies such as immunotherapies including TIL-based approaches.\"}]","Targeting Cancer - Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Innovations | PDF",1790053066,73]