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This review discusses autoimmune disease mechanisms, current treatment constraints, and how multiple administration routes affect immune modulation and tolerance. 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are targeted immunomodulatory nanomedicines considered promising for autoimmune diseases?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"They aim to modulate immune responses more precisely than conventional immunosuppression, improving targeting to inflamed areas and lymphoid tissues while reducing systemic toxicity and related risks.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How do administration routes influence the effectiveness of nanomedicines?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"Intravenous, subcutaneous/intramuscular, and oral routes offer different benefits for therapeutic efficacy, dose reduction, and the way drugs access immune-related tissues.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What design factors of nanocarriers are highlighted for safety and effectiveness?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"The review emphasizes nanocarrier size, surface chemistry, stability, and biocompatibility, including how size affects targeting and how surface charge or ligand functionalization supports 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\nTargeted-Immunomodulatory Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases via Multiple Administration Routes  \nBom Lee 1 , 2 , *, Jeeeun Yoo 1 , 2 , *, Han Sol Lee 3 , Yonghyun Lee 1 , 2  \n1College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea; 2Graduate Program in Innovative Biomaterials Convergence, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea; 3College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea  \n*These authors contributed equally to this work  \nCorrespondence: Yonghyun Lee, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-Gil, Seoul, 03760, South Korea, [Email y.lee@ewha.ac.kr](Email y.lee@ewha.ac.kr)  \n\n| Abstract: The incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases are rising globally, presenting a significant health challenge. Current treatments focus on symptom management and immunosuppression, often resulting in side-effects such as increased infection risk and broad immunosuppression. Targeted immune modulation strategies, particularly through nanomedicines, offer promising advancements by enabling precise drug delivery and reducing systemic toxicity, risks, and pharmacokinetic issues. Nanocarriers, which are nanoparticles with drugs encapsulated, improve targeting to inflamed areas and lymphoid tissues, protecting therapeutic agents from degradation. Administration routes—intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and oral—offer distinct benefits for enhancing efficacy in treating autoimmune diseases. In this review, we explore autoimmune diseases and review the limitations of current treatment options. We also emphasize the importance of exploring various administration routes for innovative nanocarrier systems and discuss their effects on modulating immune responses and inducing immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases. In particular, we highlight numerous preclinical studies utilizing intravenous, subcutaneous/intramuscular, and oral nanocarrier formulations that demonstrate substantial improvements in therapeutic efficacy and dose reduction compared to conventional therapies, underscoring the translational potential of nanomedicines for autoimmune diseases. Finally, we discuss future research directions and challenges in the development of nanomedicines for autoimmune diseases.\u003Cbr>Keywords: nanomedicine, passive targeting, EPR effects, active targeting, autoimmune diseases, lymph node delivery |\n| --- |\n| Introduction\u003Cbr>The prevalence and incidence of autoimmune diseases are rising rapidly, recording approximately 19.1% increase of incidences annually, which poses a substantial global health challenge.1 Autoimmune diseases, caused by the breakdown of self-tolerance, are characterized by aberrant immune responses against self-antigens. Depending on the predominant immune mechanisms, they can be broadly categorized into Th1/Th17-driven inflammatory disorders and autoantibody-mediated diseases. The autoimmune disorders are chronic and often cause debilitating symptoms, leading to an increased focus on developing effective treatment strategies.2 Current therapeutic approaches primarily target symptom management and involve immunosuppressive medications.3 However, symptom management does not address the underlying causes of autoimmune diseases, and immunosuppressive therapies may result in severe systemic immune suppression and increased infection risk.4 This has led to development of targeted immune modulation strategies that can selectively regulate immune responses at specific sites of interest.4 Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) target cytokines or immune cell antigens to selectively limit inflammation.5 However, mAbs can also evoke hypersensitivity reactions and have pharmacokinetic challenges.5 Nanomedicines, which are therapeutic agents encapsulated within or conjugated to nanoparticles to protect them from degradation and enhance targeting to inflamed areas or lymphatic organs, are ","cbCaiel07MEZwSj0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiel07MEZwSj0","pdf",5138052,22,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Administration routes and immunomodulation\n# Nanocarrier design considerations\n# Preclinical evidence and translational outlook\n# Future directions and challenges","[{\"question\":\"Why are targeted immunomodulatory nanomedicines considered promising for autoimmune diseases?\",\"answer\":\"They aim to modulate immune responses more precisely than conventional immunosuppression, improving targeting to inflamed areas and lymphoid tissues while reducing systemic toxicity and related risks.\"},{\"question\":\"How do administration routes influence the effectiveness of nanomedicines?\",\"answer\":\"Intravenous, subcutaneous/intramuscular, and oral routes offer different benefits for therapeutic efficacy, dose reduction, and the way drugs access immune-related tissues.\"},{\"question\":\"What design factors of nanocarriers are highlighted for safety and effectiveness?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes nanocarrier size, surface chemistry, stability, and biocompatibility, including how size affects targeting and how surface charge or ligand functionalization supports passive versus active targeting.\"}]","Targeted-Immunomodulatory Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases via Multiple Administration Routes | PDF",1790569969,55]