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This study builds a multilingual classifier from page titles and descriptions, compiles a list of 2,000 child-directed sites from Common Crawl, and crawls them from five vantage points. Results indicate about 90% embed trackers and ~27% contain targeted ads. An ML pipeline identifies improper ads from images and text, including dating, weight loss, mental health, and adult products, signaling privacy non-compliance and unsafe ad practices.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/targeted-and-troublesome-tracking-and-advertising-on-childrens-websites/139663/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/targeted-and-troublesome-tracking-and-advertising-on-childrens-websites/139663.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Evangeline","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-21","2026-08-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"这项研究主要研究什么问题？","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"研究聚焦儿童网站上的跟踪（trackers）与（定向）广告投放做法，评估跟踪普遍性、广告是否启用定向以及广告内容的潜在不当性。","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"研究如何识别并构建儿童定向网站列表？",{"text":117,"@type":113},"作者先用基于网页标题与描述的多语言文本分类器识别儿童网站，并将其应用于 Common Crawl 数据集，最终整理得到约 2000 个经人工验证的儿童定向网站。",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"研究发现了哪些关键结果？",{"text":121,"@type":113},"约 90% 的儿童定向网站嵌入一个或多个跟踪器，约 27% 含有定向广告；同时通过对广告图像与文本的机器学习处理，识别出涉及约会、减重、心理健康以及成人相关产品等不当广告内容。","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},139663,1787560277,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":143},13056703019662,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188","2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) | 979-8-3503-3 130-1/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10. 1 109/ SP54263 .2024.00118  \n2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)  \nTargeted and Troublesome: Tracking and Advertising on Children’s Websites  \nWARNING: Contains potentially NSFW images  \nZahra Moti Radboud University  \nVeelasha Moonsamy Ruhr University Bochum  \nAsuman Senol  \nimec-COSIC, KU Leuven  \nHamid Bostani Radboud University  \nFrederik Zuiderveen Borgesius Radboud University  \nArunesh Mathur Independent Researcher  \nGunes Acar Radboud University  \nAbstract—On the modern web, trackers and advertisers frequently construct and monetize users’ detailed behavioral profiles without consent. Despite various studies on web tracking mechanisms and advertisements, there has been no rigorous study focusing on websites targeted at children. To address this gap, we present a measurement of tracking and (targeted) advertising on websites directed at children. Motivated by the lack of a comprehensive list of child-directed (i.e., targeted at children) websites, we first build a multilingual classifier based on web page titles and descriptions. Applying this classifier to over two million pages from the Common Crawl dataset, we compile a list of two thousand child-directed websites. Crawling these sites from five vantage points, we measure the prevalence of trackers, fingerprinting scripts, and advertisements. Our crawler detects ads displayed on child-directed websites and determines if ad targeting is enabled by scraping ad disclosure pages whenever available. Our results show that around 90% of child-directed websites embed one or more trackers, and about 27% contain targeted advertisements—a practice that should require verifiable parental consent. Next, we identify improper ads on child-directed websites by developing an ML pipeline that processes both images and text extracted from ads. The pipeline allows us to run semantic similarity queries for arbitrary search terms, revealing ads that promote services related to dating, weight loss, and mental health, as well as ads for sex toys and flirting chat services. Some of these ads feature repulsive, sexually-explicit and highly-inappropriate imagery. In summary, our findings indicate a trend of non-compliance with privacy regulations and troubling ad safety practices among many advertisers and child-directed websites. To ensure the protection of children and create a safer online environment, regulators and stakeholders must adopt and enforce more stringent measures. Keywords – online tracking, advertising, children, privacy  \n1. Introduction  \nThe proliferation of online tracking for analytics, behavioral advertising, and marketing has resulted in over a decade’s worth of research into this ecosystem. Prior research has shown that not only is online tracking rampant on  \nthe web [1] but that trackers use increasingly-invasive tracking mechanisms—e.g., third-party cookies, tracking pixels, evercookies, and browser fingerprinting [2], [3], [4], [1]—to relentlessly build detailed profiles of users across the web without any consent for targeted advertising.  \nSuch privacy concerns aside, online advertising has shown to be problematic in other ways. Ads and ad networks are a vector for distributing ransomware, malicious programs, and cryptojackers—posing a serious security threat to users [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13] . Ad networks also suffer from click fraud, which is estimated to reach $100 billion in 2023 [14], [15] . Finally, online ads often contain clickbait, untrustworthy, or distasteful content that peddle software downloads, listicles, and health supplements—all of which users find problematic to their online experience [16] .  \nWhile online tracking and targeted advertising pose a threat to users of all ages, children especially bear an acute cost. Children may not fully understand the consequences of online tracking and revealing their person","cbCaikRMFIWBRsUj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikRMFIWBRsUj","pdf",1930713,"English","# Introduction\n## Background and motivation\n## Prior work and research gap\n## Approach and dataset overview","[{\"question\":\"这项研究主要研究什么问题？\",\"answer\":\"研究聚焦儿童网站上的跟踪（trackers）与（定向）广告投放做法，评估跟踪普遍性、广告是否启用定向以及广告内容的潜在不当性。\"},{\"question\":\"研究如何识别并构建儿童定向网站列表？\",\"answer\":\"作者先用基于网页标题与描述的多语言文本分类器识别儿童网站，并将其应用于 Common Crawl 数据集，最终整理得到约 2000 个经人工验证的儿童定向网站。\"},{\"question\":\"研究发现了哪些关键结果？\",\"answer\":\"约 90% 的儿童定向网站嵌入一个或多个跟踪器，约 27% 含有定向广告；同时通过对广告图像与文本的机器学习处理，识别出涉及约会、减重、心理健康以及成人相关产品等不当广告内容。\"}]","Targeted and Troublesome - Tracking and Advertising on Children’s Websites | PDF",48]