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This study examined whether self-reported marksmanship capabilities align with actual performance using a novel firearm survey that paired participant self-evaluations with multiple objective shooting tasks. A community sample completed simulator tasks for safety, while a military sample completed live-fire exercises. Self-reports captured variability in the community sample, but did not predict performance in the military sample, highlighting population-dependent limits of opinion without objective data.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/talk-is-cheap-self-reported-versus-actual-marksmanship-proficiency-among-military-and-community-samples/137739/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/talk-is-cheap-self-reported-versus-actual-marksmanship-proficiency-among-military-and-community-samples/137739.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Violet","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-20","2026-08-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What relationship does the study test between self-reported and actual marksmanship proficiency?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study evaluates whether participants’ self-reported marksmanship capabilities reflect their actual marksmanship performance on objective shooting tasks.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do the community and military samples differ in how they complete shooting tasks?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The community sample used a simulator for safety, while the military sample completed live-fire exercises.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What key result emerges when comparing self-reports to objective performance across the two samples?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Self-reported opinions sufficiently captured actual marksmanship variability in the community sample, but self-reports did not predict marksmanship abilities in the military sample.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},137739,1787439950,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},4398048950312,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002538284de19e3c?_k=1778320343897328908","Talk Is Cheap: Self-Reported Versus Actual Marksmanship Proficiency Among Military and Community Samples  \nADAM T. BIGGS  \nNaval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, and Naval Health Research Center  \nJOSEPHA. HAMILTON  \nNaval Health Research Center and HSS Defense  \nANDREW G. THOMPSON  \nRockefeller Neuroscience Institute  \nRACHEL MARKWALD  \nNaval Health Research Center  \nMarksmanship is a critical skill for military, law enforcement, and security professionals as well as recreational shooters who participate in competitions or hunting. Unfortunately, skill assessments vary wildly between branches of military service and even more so when compared with local law enforcement or security requirements. This heterogeneity creates wide-ranging opinions about what constitutes a firearm expert, with people claiming expertise despite only rudimentary training. The high degree of subjectivity undermines communication between firearm professionals and raises questions about the value of opinions. The current investigation thus explored self-reported marksmanship capabilities and their relationship with actual marksmanship capabilities. A novel firearm survey gauged subjective self-evaluations with participants also performing multiple objective shooting tasks. Participants included a community sample, who completed shooting tasks on simulator for safety reasons, and a military sample, who completed live fire exercises. Self-reported opinions sufficiently captured actual marksmanship variability among the community sample, although self-reported opinions did not predict marksmanship abilities among the professional military sample. This discrepancy identifies the relative practical value of using self-reported metrics based on the participant population, but more importantly, it underscores the limited value of professional opinion without some objective marksmanship data to provide a more direct comparison.  \nKEYWORDS: marksmanship, proficiency, survey, self-report  \nAmerican Journal of Psychology  \nSpring 2024, Vol. 137, No. 1 pp. 1–17 • © 2024 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois  \nAttitudes and perceptions can be subject to a variety of biases, and people often have difficulty identifying their own personal preconceptions. For example, the blind spot bias describes a tendency for people to see bias in others rather than themselves (Pronin, Lin, & Ross, 2002). The illusion of superiority also illustrates how people typically judge themselves as superior to average people (Adler, 1927; Chambers & Windschitl, 2004; Hoorens, 1993). Although these biases and others can apply to many areas ofcognition and human performance, thereis enormous potential for attitudes about expertise to be influenced by perception. People may be ignorant of their own ignorance, a trait called meta-ignorance (Dunning, 2011), which describes how a lack of understanding allows a person to assume expertise for topics or skills that does not reflect their actual knowledge or abilities. These opinions are further complicated by expertise itself being a fluid term. Whereas a traditional approach to expertise presumes a person will steadily progress from novice to expert through training and experience (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Römer, 1993), alternative approaches argue that adaptive skill and not routine behavior in a domain should be the defining criterion of expertise (Ward, Gore, Hutton, Conway, & Hoffman, 2018). The debate on development and definitions of expertise can further exacerbate ambiguity in ascribing expert labels. Self-professed skill then becomes highly susceptible to perceptions and personal biases in determining expertise.  \nPsychomotor skills have a particular susceptibility to perceptions of expertise and performance. For example, people regularly provide overly positive assessments oftheir self-reported driving skill (Sundström, 2008). There are several contributing factors to this predisposition. Fir","cbCaivu32kuTCyrq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivu32kuTCyrq","pdf",1334409,17,"English","# Background and Problem Statement\n# Biases and Expertise Perception\n# Study Design and Participants\n# Findings and Interpretation\n# Implications for Using Self-Reported Metrics","[{\"question\":\"What relationship does the study test between self-reported and actual marksmanship proficiency?\",\"answer\":\"The study evaluates whether participants’ self-reported marksmanship capabilities reflect their actual marksmanship performance on objective shooting tasks.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the community and military samples differ in how they complete shooting tasks?\",\"answer\":\"The community sample used a simulator for safety, while the military sample completed live-fire exercises.\"},{\"question\":\"What key result emerges when comparing self-reports to objective performance across the two samples?\",\"answer\":\"Self-reported opinions sufficiently captured actual marksmanship variability in the community sample, but self-reports did not predict marksmanship abilities in the military sample.\"}]","Talk Is Cheap - Self-Reported Versus Actual Marksmanship Proficiency Among Military and Community Samples | PDF",43]