[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-500745-105":59,"doc-detail-500745-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","tailoring-the-absorption-capacity-of-biofoams-made-from-marine-waste-biopolymers","Tailoring the Absorption Capacity of Biofoams Made from Marine Waste Biopolymers","","Plastic superabsorbent polymers used in single-use sanitary products create a serious environmental burden because they are non-biodegradable and widely deployed. This study evaluates marine-waste biopolymer foam as a replacement by producing multiple foams from four biopolymer solutions varying in molecular weight and concentration. Two freezing protocols (−35°C and −196°C) are applied, followed by freeze-drying. Selected foams are assessed via free swelling and centrifuge retention in blood and saline, with SEM structure imaging and FTIR to confirm chemical consistency, showing promising absorption with tunable processing.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tailoring-the-absorption-capacity-of-biofoams-made-from-marine-waste-biopolymers/500745/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tailoring-the-absorption-capacity-of-biofoams-made-from-marine-waste-biopolymers/500745.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jordan Avery","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-10-03",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are superabsorbent polymers in sanitary products an environmental concern?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They are non-biodegradable and used extensively in single-use products, generating substantial waste over a person’s lifetime.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were the marine-waste biopolymer biofoams prepared?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Foams were produced by freezing biopolymer solutions using two temperatures (−35°C and −196°C), then freeze-drying to obtain the final porous biofoam structure.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What tests were used to evaluate absorption performance and structure?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Free swelling capacity and centrifuge retention capacity were measured in blood and saline, while SEM imaging assessed structure and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) checked chemical consistency.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},500745,1791317495,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},1099523882367,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Tailoring the Absorption Capacity of Biofoams Made from Marine Waste Biopolymers  \nSimon Berling  \n[simon. berling@icloud. com](simon. berling@icloud. com)[ ](simon. berling@icloud. com)under the direction of  \nDr. Antonio Capezza  \nKTH Royal Institute of Technology Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology  \nJuly 9, 2025  \nAbstract  \nThe use of plastic superabsorbent polymers (SAP) in single-use sanitary products such as sanitary pads, band-aids, and diapers poses a large environmental threat due to their nonbiodegradability and widespread use. This study aims to assess the feasibility of replacing these SAPs with marine waste biopolymer foams. This is done by producing various foams from four different biopolymer solutions with various biopolymer molecular weights and concentrations. Two freezing methods were used to form the foams; half of the samples were frozen at −35◦ C and the other half at −196◦ C. After freezing, the samples were freeze-dried to produce the finished biofoams. The foams were evaluated by observing their physical properties, and the samples that were most similar to a polyurethane reference foam were selected for further analysis. The further analysis consisted of a free swelling capacity test and a centrifuge retention capacity test in blood and then in saline. Furthermore, a scanning electron microscope was used to analyse the structure and an infrared spectroscopy analysis was done to ensure chemical consistency. Results indicate that low-concentration native biopolymer foams produced by rapid freezing offer optimal porosity and absorption potential, albeit with high solubility. The study demonstrates that tuning biopolymer characteristics and processing conditions can yield promising SAP alternatives, minimizing the environmental impact of sanitary products.  \nAcknowledgements  \nI want to express my gratitude to my project partner, Yishu Zhang, whom I worked with throughout this project. Without her, this project would not have been possible. Furthermore, I am immensely grateful to my project supervisor, Antonio J. Capezza, and Rays – for excellence, for their support during my work. A special thanks goes to Aleksander Purik, Arman Aspromonti, Emilia Hagrot Sörlén, Olle Lapidus, and Snezhana Polishchuk for taking their time to proofread this paper. Moreover, I would like to extend my gratitude to Magn. Bergvalls Stiftelse, Jacob Wallenbergs Stiftelse, Särskilda fonden, and Europaskolan Strängnäs. Lastly, I would like to thank the board and organizer group for putting in the work to make Rays – for excellence possible.  \nContents  \nNomenclature List 1  \n1 Introduction 1  \n1.1 Biofoams ..................................... 2  \n1.1.1 Production of Biofoams ........................ 2  \n1.2 Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) ........................ 3  \n1.3 Free Swelling Capacity (FSC) ......................... 3  \n1.4 Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC) ..................... 3  \n1.5 Cross-linking Agents .............................. 4  \n1.6 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) ............... 4  \n1.7 Aim of Study .................................. 4  \n2 Method 4  \n2.1 Biopolymer Sourcing .............................. 5  \n2.2 Trials and Selection ............................... 5  \n2.3 Further Analysis ................................ 5  \n2.4 Reference Foams ................................ 6  \n3 Results 6  \n3.1 Selection ..................................... 7  \n3.2 Absorption Capacities ............................. 7  \n3.3 SEM Imaging .................................. 7  \n3.4 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ................... 9  \n3.5 Densities ..................................... 10  \n4 Discussion 11  \n4.1 Effect of Freezing Rate ............................. 11  \n4.2 Effect of Biopolymer Concentration ...................... 11  \n4.3 Effect of Biopolymer Molecular Weight .................... 12  \n4.4 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ................... 12  \n4.5 Density ......","cbCailxRTy0BTqYg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailxRTy0BTqYg","pdf",6577017,"English","# Nomenclature List\n# 1 Introduction\n## 1.1 Biofoams\n## 1.1.1 Production of Biofoams\n## 1.2 Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP)\n## 1.3 Free Swelling Capacity (FSC)\n## 1.4 Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC)\n## 1.5 Cross-linking Agents\n## 1.6 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)\n## 1.7 Aim of Study\n# 2 Method\n## 2.1 Biopolymer Sourcing\n## 2.2 Trials and Selection\n## 2.3 Further Analysis\n## 2.4 Reference Foams\n# 3 Results\n## 3.1 Selection\n## 3.2 Absorption Capacities\n## 3.3 SEM Imaging\n## 3.4 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy\n## 3.5 Densities\n# 4 Discussion\n## 4.1 Effect of Freezing Rate\n## 4.2 Effect of Biopolymer Concentration\n## 4.3 Effect of Biopolymer Molecular Weight\n## 4.4 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy\n## 4.5 Density\n## 4.6 Further Studies\n## 4.7 Conclusion\n# References","[{\"question\":\"Why are superabsorbent polymers in sanitary products an environmental concern?\",\"answer\":\"They are non-biodegradable and used extensively in single-use products, generating substantial waste over a person’s lifetime.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the marine-waste biopolymer biofoams prepared?\",\"answer\":\"Foams were produced by freezing biopolymer solutions using two temperatures (−35°C and −196°C), then freeze-drying to obtain the final porous biofoam structure.\"},{\"question\":\"What tests were used to evaluate absorption performance and structure?\",\"answer\":\"Free swelling capacity and centrifuge retention capacity were measured in blood and saline, while SEM imaging assessed structure and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) checked chemical consistency.\"}]","Tailoring the Absorption Capacity of Biofoams Made from Marine Waste Biopolymers | PDF",1791014689,48]