[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-39990-en":3,"doc-seo-39990-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},39990,7971461740909,"Levi","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","Systematic and Critical Review of RSA Based Public Key Cryptographic Schemes","The interconnected digital world generates data that requires protection from unauthorized access as attackers continually adopt new techniques to breach security. Public key cryptography delivers confidentiality, integrity, and authentication, with RSA remaining one of the most widely deployed algorithms across domains including cloud and image security. This study provides a systematic, critical survey of RSA-based cryptography, organizing existing work into 11 categories and comparing modified RSA and RSA applications by key generation, encryption, decryption, features, and enhancements.","Received October 24, 2021, accepted November 11, 2021, date of publication November 18, 2021, date of current version November 30, 2021.  \nDigital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3129224  \nSystematic and Critical Review of RSA Based Public Key Cryptographic Schemes:  \nPast and Present Status  \nRAZA IMAM1, QAZI MOHAMMAD AREEB1, ABDULRAHMAN ALTURKI2, AND FAISAL ANWER1  \n1Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India  \n2Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia Corresponding author: Faisal Anwer ([faisalanwer.cs@amu.ac.in](faisalanwer.cs@amu.ac.in))  \nABSTRACT The interconnected digital world is generating enormous data that must be secured from unauthorized access. Advancement in technologies and new innovative methods applied by attackers play an instrumental role in breaching data security. Public key Cryptography provides a set of cryptographic algorithms in achieving data security through con􀀜dentiality, integrity and authentication. Among all cryptographic algorithms in general and public key cryptography in particular, RSA is one of the most widely used and applied algorithms. Since its inception, it is commonly being adopted in securing data across different domains such as cloud, image and others. Despite its importance and wide applications, no such systematic and extensive survey exists in the literature. A systematic and thorough study of RSA based cryptography is presented in this work covering several domains. All the available works in this direction are divided into 11 different categories, viz, Hybrid, Parallel, Cloud, Image, Multiple-Keys, Chinese-Remainder-Theorem-based, Digital-Signatures, K-Nearest-Theorem-based, Batch, Wireless, and Core-Modi􀀜cations. This study methodically explores RSA-based cryptosystems, either modi􀀜cations in core RSA or applications of enhanced RSA across different domains, systematically categorizing in various categories and eventually providing 􀀜ndings and indications. The current study compares RSA methods based on parameters such as key generation, encryption schemes, decryption schemes, key features and enhancements, and also 􀀜nds the leading areas where modi􀀜ed RSA has been applied in the recent past. As a result, this study will guide researchers and practitioners in understanding the past and present status of RSA cryptography along with the possibility of its applications in other domains.  \nINDEX TERMS Asymmetric key cryptography, cryptography, data security, public key cryptography, RSA cryptography, RSA cryptosystem.  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nInformation Technology is the backbone of today's society in terms of day to day activities and is being utilized in almost every aspect of life. The exponential growth of the modern-day technological world is equally leading to the production of millions of data on a continuous basis. With such elevation, the need to keep data secure and private is increasing even more by individuals as well as organizations. Security has always been a most signi􀀜cant concern for the computing world in terms of transmitting information and  \nThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Diana Gratiela Berbecaru .  \ndata across the internet. Whether through the Internet, smart gadgets, or any form of transmission, the reports about data thefts and breaches seem to be growing more and more. As a result, researchers and cryptographers are continuously working towards the innovation of various new cryptographic models along with numerous improvements of existing cryptographic algorithms in order to implement in real-world applications to improve user privacy, data security, authentication, or any other such features [1] .  \nA. CRYPTOGRAPHY  \nThe de􀀜nition of cryptography states that it is a technique by which a message, whether in the form of texts, images or other  \nVOLUME 9, 2021  \nThis work is licen","cbCaipvM3n6ekb5z","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipvM3n6ekb5z","pdf",5794518,4,1,28,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Cryptography\n# Abstract and Index Terms\n## RSA focus and survey scope","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the document address regarding data security?\",\"answer\":\"The document focuses on protecting large-scale digital data from unauthorized access, considering evolving attacker methods and the resulting need for stronger cryptographic mechanisms.\"},{\"question\":\"How is RSA positioned within public key cryptography in the survey?\",\"answer\":\"RSA is described as one of the most widely used public key cryptographic algorithms, commonly adopted for securing data across multiple domains such as cloud and images.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the survey structure existing RSA-related research?\",\"answer\":\"The document divides available work into 11 categories, covering areas such as hybrid, parallel, cloud, image, multiple-keys, CRT-based, digital signatures, and other RSA modifications or domain 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