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Sag Thomas Wasow  \nJanuary 20, 1999  \nCENTER FOR THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE  \nAND INFORMATION  \nIn memory of our fathers  \nWilliam E. Sag (1908{1977) Wolfgang R. Wasow (1909{1993)  \nContents  \nPreface vii 1 Introduction 1  \n2 Some Simple Theories of Grammar 23  \n3 Analyzing Features of Grammatical Categories 47  \n4 Complex Feature Values 77  \n5 Semantics 103  \n6 How the Grammar Works 129  \n7 Binding Theory 149  \n8 The Structure of the Lexicon 173  \n9 Realistic Grammar 203  \n10 The Passive Construction 235  \n11 Nominal Types: Dummies and Idioms 253  \n12 In􀀌nitival Complements 273  \n13 Auxiliary Verbs 297  \n14 Variation in the English Auxiliary System 321  \n15 Long-Distance Dependencies 341  \n16 From Rule to Sign 363  \nAppendix A:  \nSummary of the Grammar 395  \nAppendix B: Generative Grammar 423  \nGlossary 441  \nReferences 461  \nvii  \nPreface  \nThis textbook grew out of our e􀀋orts to develop teaching material for the undergraduate-level Introduction to Syntax course that has been taught at Stanford University for over twenty years. We used earlier versions of this text for three years; the 􀀌nal version was revised and expanded many times to satisfy the needs of our students, whose feedback has been of immense value in shaping the present volume. We consider ourselves fortunate to have extremely talented and demanding students, whose in􀀍uence shines through our prose on every page.  \nIn addition, more than one colleague has used our text successfully in 􀀌rst-year graduate classes. We feel it is particularly well suited to general readers or those who work in disciplines related to linguistics, such as psychology, philosophy, mathematics, or computer science. All that is required is an interest in rigorous approaches to the analysis of the grammatical structure of natural languages.  \nWe have tried to strike a balance between linguistic analysis (centered on the development of increasingly broader grammar fragments) and data-oriented problem solving. In addition, we have tried to place the proposals presented here into historical perspective (Chapter 1 and Appendix B) . A Glossary is included both to aid the reader unfamiliar with traditional grammatical terminology and to provide easy access to more technical jargon that we have employed.  \nChapters 1 through 8 develop most of the technical machinery used in the rest of the book. This section of the text is self-contained and can be used as the basis of an abbreviated introductory course. Chapter 9 contains a summary of the grammar develped in Chapters 1 through 8, along with some general discussion of language processing by humans and computers.  \nChapters 10 through 13 apply the tools developed in the earlier chapters to some well-studied grammatical phenomena. Chapter 14 in  \nvii  \nviii / Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction  \ntroduces a topic not normally included in theoretical syntax courses, namely language variation. Chapter 15 deals with the basics of the complex topic of long-distance dependencies, and in the process introduces some new analytic devices. Chapter 16 has a special status, introducing a streamlined reformulation of the overall theory in terms of an architecture based on `signs', not rules. Appendix A summarizes the grammar of English developed in Chapters 1{13 and 15 (but includes neither the material on the dialects discussed in Chapter 14, nor the innovations proposed in Chapter 16) .  \nWe have many people to thank for their part in helping us bring this book to completion. First and foremost, we would like to thank three people: Emily Bender (who, as a course assistant and close colleague, commented on many drafts and made contributions throughout the text), Georgia Green (whose painstakingly detailed and helpful comments emerged from her experiences using our text at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), and Bob Carpenter (whose detailed comments on a near-􀀌nal draft led us to overhaul the `sq","cbCaiqnCA3lFC1UG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqnCA3lFC1UG","pdf",2364385,483,"English","# Contents\n## Preface\n## Introduction\n## Some Simple Theories of Grammar\n## Analyzing Features of Grammatical Categories\n## Complex Feature Values\n## Semantics\n## How the Grammar Works\n## Binding Theory\n## The Structure of the Lexicon\n## Realistic Grammar\n## The Passive Construction\n## Nominal Types: Dummies and Idioms\n## Infinitival Complements\n## Auxiliary Verbs\n## Variation in the English Auxiliary System\n## Long-Distance Dependencies\n## From Rule to Sign\n## Appendix A: Summary of the Grammar\n## Appendix B: Generative Grammar\n## Glossary\n## References","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the textbook?\",\"answer\":\"The book focuses on developing and applying formal grammatical analysis to explain the syntactic structure of natural languages, with an emphasis on rigorous theory-building and tools for problem solving.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the book structured across its chapters?\",\"answer\":\"Chapters 1 through 8 develop the core technical machinery; later chapters apply these tools to specific grammatical phenomena, including semantics, binding, long-distance dependencies, and passive constructions.\"},{\"question\":\"What additional learning supports are included?\",\"answer\":\"A glossary is included to help readers navigate grammatical terminology, and Appendix A and Appendix B provide summaries, including a summary of the grammar of English and generative grammar material.\"}]","Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction | PDF",1789975841,1217]