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Niemanand Pilar Aranda Ramírez  \nReceived: 5 November 2025  \nRevised: 13 December 2025  \nAccepted: 31 December 2025  \nPublished: 2 January 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore 54600,  \nPakistan; [drsherazasim@gmail.com](drsherazasim@gmail.com) (S.A.); [drmshahbaz@uvas.edu.pk](drmshahbaz@uvas.edu.pk) (M.S.Y.);  \n[bilalakram708@gmail.com](bilalakram708@gmail.com) (M.B.A.); [abdullah.arif@uvas.edu.pk](abdullah.arif@uvas.edu.pk) (A.A.S.); [habibrehman@uvas.edu.pk](habibrehman@uvas.edu.pk) (H.R.)  \n2 Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; [saima.masood@uvas.edu.pk](saima.masood@uvas.edu.pk)  \n* Correspondence: [khalid.majeed@uvas.edu.pk](khalid.majeed@uvas.edu.pk)  \nAbstract  \nBackground/Objectives: Hypertension (HTN) remains a major global concern despite the availability of many antihypertensive medications, each with its own side effects. Lifestyle interventions, such as aerobic exercise and antioxidant-rich foods, represent promising non-pharmacological strategies for hypertension management. This study investigated the combined effects of exercise and vitamin C on anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, gut histology, biochemical markers, hematological profile, inflammatory gene expression, redox status, and stress hormones in L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n = 30) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6/group): control, hypertensive (HTN), hypertensive + exercise (HTN + EX), hypertensive + vitamin C (HTN + VC), and hypertensive + exercise + vitamin C (HTN + EX + VC) . Exercise consisted of treadmill training at a low intensity (50 ft/min) for 60 min daily, while vitamin C was administered orally (200 mg/kg/day) for four weeks. Blood pressure, anthropometric parameters, gut histology, inflammatory gene expression, hematological indices, serum biochemistry, oxidative stress markers, and hormonal assays were measured. Results: Both exercise and vitamin C individually reduced blood pressure (p \u003C 0.05) and increased villi length (p \u003C 0.05), upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in the gut, lowered oxidative stress (assessed through CRP, MDA, and catalase), and reduced stress hormones (cortisol and norepinephrine) . The combined intervention (HTN + EX + VC) showed the most pronounced effects, resulting in a greater reduction in blood pressure and reversal of the changes induced by hypertension when compared to the HTN group. Conclusions: Exercise and vitamin C were beneficial in lowering blood pressure and improving the adverse changes associated with hypertension.  \nKeywords: hypertension; aerobic exercise; vitamin C; antioxidants; gut health; oxidative stress  \n1. Introduction  \nSignificant progress has been made in the management of hypertension treatment and its associated risk factors in the past few decades; however, hypertension continues to be a widespread global issue [1] . Hypertension affects 35% of individuals in developed countries and approximately 40% in developing countries [2] . In Pakistan, about 46% of the population is suffering from hypertension [3] . Hypertension imposes a serious financial burden;  \nfor example, in the USA, there is a total cost of 2370 USD per patient [4], and in Pakistan, the mean annual cost for a single hypertensive patient was approximately 321 USD [5] . Beyond financial b","cbCaihpcDfWUFzSG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihpcDfWUFzSG","pdf",3327208,17,"English","# Abstract\n## Background/Objectives\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What treatments were tested in the L-NAME-induced hypertensive rat model?\",\"answer\":\"Male Wistar rats were divided into control, hypertensive, hypertensive plus exercise, hypertensive plus vitamin C, and hypertensive plus exercise plus vitamin C groups. Exercise involved treadmill training at low intensity, and vitamin C was given orally for four weeks.\"},{\"question\":\"How did aerobic exercise affect hypertension-related outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Exercise lowered blood pressure, increased gut villi length, upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in the gut, reduced oxidative stress markers, and decreased stress hormones such as cortisol and norepinephrine.\"},{\"question\":\"Why was the combined exercise and vitamin C intervention most effective?\",\"answer\":\"The combined regimen produced the most pronounced improvements, yielding a greater reduction in blood pressure and stronger reversal of hypertension-induced adverse changes than the hypertensive group alone.\"}]","Synergistic Role of Aerobic Exercise and Vitamin C in Reducing Hypertension and Restoring Redox–Inflammatory Balance | PDF",1790772783,43]