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Metformin, widely used for type 2 diabetes, suppresses cancer cell growth in animal models, and this study examines its effects on human gastric cancer cell lines. The work also evaluates the synergistic anticancer action of metformin combined with proton pump inhibitors, focusing on lansoprazole. Results show dose-dependent growth inhibition with cell-cycle suppression and apoptosis induction, with low-dose synergy in AGS cells, supporting a potential new, safe stomach cancer treatment approach.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/synergistic-effect-of-metformin-and-lansoprazole-against-gastric-cancer-through-growth-inhibition/381132/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/synergistic-effect-of-metformin-and-lansoprazole-against-gastric-cancer-through-growth-inhibition/381132.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Levi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main goal of the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To investigate how metformin affects human gastric cancer cells and whether metformin and the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole work synergistically to inhibit gastric cancer growth.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do metformin and lansoprazole inhibit cancer cell growth?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They inhibit growth in a dose-dependent manner by suppressing cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the study observe about low-dose combination effects?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Low concentrations of metformin and lansoprazole show a synergistic effect on inhibiting AGS cell growth.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},381132,1791350010,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46},7971461740909,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Ivyspring  \nInternational Publisher  \nInternationalJournal of Medical Sciences  \n2023; 20(6): 717-724. doi: 10.7150/ijms.82407  \nResearch Paper  \nSynergistic Effect of Metformin and Lansoprazole Against Gastric Cancer through Growth Inhibition  \nHsiao-Wei Kao1, Kuo-Wang Tsai3 and Wen-chang Lin1, 2􀀍  \n1. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.  \n2. Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.  \n3. Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C.  \n􀀍 Corresponding author: Wen-chang Lin, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel: 886-2-26523967; E-mail: [wenlin@ibms.sinica.edu.tw](wenlin@ibms.sinica.edu.tw).  \n© The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)). See [http://ivyspring.com/terms](http://ivyspring.com/terms) for full terms and conditions.  \nReceived: 2023.01.05; Accepted: 2023.03.22; Published: 2023.04.17  \nAbstract  \nCancer has been linked to metabolic disorders and diverse gene mutations. Metformin, which is widely used to treat type 2 diabetes, inhibits the growth of cancer cells in animal models. Here we investigated the effects of metformin on human gastric cancer cell lines. We also investigated the synergistic anticancer effect of metformin and proton pump inhibitors. Lansoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, is effective for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease. Our results revealed that metformin and lansoprazole can significantly inhibit cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent manner by suppressing cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. Low concentrations of metformin and lansoprazole have a synergistic effect on AGS cell growth inhibition. In summary, our findings suggest a new and safe treatment protocol for treating stomach cancers.  \nKeywords: Metformin and Lansoprazole, Synergistic Effect, Gastric Cancer  \nIntroduction  \nCancer is now considered to be caused by various oncogenic gene mutations or defects in metabolic pathways [1-3] . In the 1920s, Dr. Otto Warburg discovered tumor-related metabolism alterations. His Warburg effect hypothesis on malignant tumor cells suggests that rapid glucose uptake and lactate secretion contribute to the rapid cell growth and macromolecular synthesis requirements of cancer cells [4, 5] . Furthermore, heterogeneity is prevalent within cancer cells, and distinct genetic alterations can be observed in diverse populations of cancer cells [1, 6] . This complicates the identification of cancer-targeting agents for specific mutations in distinct cancers. Multiple oncogenic pathways may converge on essential metabolic pathways to support cancer cell survival and proliferation [7] . Different subpopulations of cancer cells demonstrate common metabolic pathways, therefore, it is proposed that treatments targeting cancer cell metabolism may be a novel approach for treating cancer. Furthermore, the chemotherapy resistance of  \nrecurrent tumor cells is often the leading cause of cancer treatment failure. Tumor resistance often resulted from additional genetic mutations altered from the original mutated sites [8] . Thus, targeting common metabolic pathways may be an alternative treatment approach.  \nMetformin is a drug of the biguanide class, which is commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes. Recent reports have indicated that metformin may have anticancer effects against breast, pancreas, colon, and prostate cancers [9, 10] . Numerous meta-analyses have demonstrated that in addition to its direct anticancer effects, metformin reduces cancer incidence by 30%–50%[11] . Many in vitro studies have demonstrated that metformin was able to reduce xenograft tumor burden without the severe side effects typically caused by cytoto","cbCailRkiNvAdMzc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailRkiNvAdMzc","pdf",1958271,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n# Metformin and its anticancer rationale\n# Proton pump inhibitors and gastric cancer background\n# Material and methods\n## Cell lines and cell culture conditions","[{\"question\":\"What is the main goal of the study?\",\"answer\":\"To investigate how metformin affects human gastric cancer cells and whether metformin and the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole work synergistically to inhibit gastric cancer growth.\"},{\"question\":\"How do metformin and lansoprazole inhibit cancer cell growth?\",\"answer\":\"They inhibit growth in a dose-dependent manner by suppressing cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the study observe about low-dose combination effects?\",\"answer\":\"Low concentrations of metformin and lansoprazole show a synergistic effect on inhibiting AGS cell growth.\"}]","Synergistic Effect of Metformin and Lansoprazole Against Gastric Cancer through Growth Inhibition | PDF",1790243746]