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This study analyzes 511 urogenital cancer cases after consultation from 61,802 randomly selected patients in six European countries, examining variation in symptom presentation using standardized symptom forms, follow-up data, and GP clinical comments.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/symptoms-and-signs-of-urogenital-cancer-in-primary-care/377764/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/symptoms-and-signs-of-urogenital-cancer-in-primary-care/377764.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Noah","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-26","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",9,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What was the main goal of the study in primary care?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"To examine variation in how urogenital cancer symptoms present in primary care, addressing diagnostic challenges caused by symptom overlap across organ systems.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How were symptoms and diagnostic data collected?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Symptoms recorded during consultations were captured using standardized forms with closed questions, followed by diagnosis-related medical record follow-up data from GPs and free-text GP comments about the diagnostic procedure.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which symptoms showed the strongest diagnostic associations?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Macroscopic haematuria was strongly associated with bladder or renal cancer, increased urinary frequency related to bladder or prostatic cancer, and unexpected genital bleeding was linked to uterine-related cancers; distended abdomen and bloating were highlighted for ovarian cancer.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},377764,1790318415,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},8796095462418,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780","Holtedahl etal. BMC Primary Care (2023) 24:107 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-023-02063-z](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-023-02063-z)  \nBMC Primary Care  \n RESEARCH Open Access  \nSymptoms and signs of urogenital cancer in primary care  \nKnut Holtedahl1, Lars Borgquist2, Gé A. Donker3, Frank Buntinx4,5, David Weller6, Christine Campbell6, Jörgen Månsson7, Victoria Hammersley6, Tonje Braaten1* and Ranjan Parajuli8  \nAbstract  \nBackground Urogenital cancers are common, accounting for approximately 20% of cancer incidence globally. Cancers belonging to the same organ system often present with similar symptoms, making initial management challenging. In this study, 511 cases of cancer were recorded after the date of consultation among 61,802 randomly selected patients presenting in primary care in six European countries: a subgroup analysis of urogenital cancers was carried out in order to study variation in symptom presentation.  \nMethods Initial data capture was by completion of standardised forms containing closed questions about symptoms recorded during the consultation. The general practitioner (GP) provided follow-up data after diagnosis, based on medical record data made after the consultation. GPs also provided free text comments about the diagnostic procedure for individual patients.  \nResults The most common symptoms were mainly associated with one or two specific types of cancer:‘Macroscopic haematuria’ with bladder or renal cancer (combined sensitivity 28 . 3%),‘Increased urinary frequency’ with bladder (sensitivity 13.3%) or prostatic (sensitivity 32.1%) cancer, or to uterine body (sensitivity 14.3%) cancer,‘Unexpected genital bleeding’ with uterine cancer (cervix, sensitivity 20 . 0%, uterine body, sensitivity 71 .4%) .‘Distended abdomen, bloating’had sensitivity 62 . 5%(based on eight cases of ovarian cancer) . In ovarian cancer, increased abdominal circumference and a palpable tumour also were important diagnostic elements. Specificity for‘Macroscopic haematuria’ was 99. 8%(99 .7–99. 8) . PPV >3% was noted for‘Macroscopic haematuria’ and bladder or renal cancer combined, for bladder cancer in male patients. In males aged 55–74, PPV = 7 . 1% for‘Macroscopic haematuria’ and bladder cancer. Abdominal pain was an infrequent symptom in urogenital cancers.  \nConclusions Most types of urogenital cancer present with rather specific symptoms. If the GP considers ovarian cancer, increased abdominal circumference should be actively determined. Several cases were clarified through the GP’s clinical examination, or laboratory investigations.  \nKeywords Neoplasms, Urogenital cancer, Bladder cancer, Renal cancer, Prostate cancer, Cervical cancer, Uterine body cancer, Ovarian cancer, General practice, Primary health care  \n*Correspondence: Tonje Braaten [tonje.braaten@uit. no](tonje.braaten@uit. no)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ()[. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. ","cbCailohQ8nciiJA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailohQ8nciiJA","pdf",848677,15,"English","# Abstract\n# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What was the main goal of the study in primary care?\",\"answer\":\"To examine variation in how urogenital cancer symptoms present in primary care, addressing diagnostic challenges caused by symptom overlap across organ systems.\"},{\"question\":\"How were symptoms and diagnostic data collected?\",\"answer\":\"Symptoms recorded during consultations were captured using standardized forms with closed questions, followed by diagnosis-related medical record follow-up data from GPs and free-text GP comments about the diagnostic procedure.\"},{\"question\":\"Which symptoms showed the strongest diagnostic associations?\",\"answer\":\"Macroscopic haematuria was strongly associated with bladder or renal cancer, increased urinary frequency related to bladder or prostatic cancer, and unexpected genital bleeding was linked to uterine-related cancers; distended abdomen and bloating were highlighted for ovarian cancer.\"}]","Symptoms and signs of urogenital cancer in primary care | PDF",1790227055,38]