[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-291245-105":59,"doc-detail-291245-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","sustainable-inhalable-anti-infective-microparticle-manufacturing-through-life-cycle-and-cost-analysis-with-machine-learning-optimization","Sustainable Inhalable Anti-infective Microparticle Manufacturing Through Life Cycle and Cost Analysis with Machine Learning Optimization","","Pharmaceutical manufacturing must balance therapeutic efficacy with environmental and economic sustainability. Inhalable dry powder formulations can treat respiratory infections, but sustainability of production remains unclear. This study compares three scalable microparticle fabrication routes—spray drying, spray freeze-drying, and supercritical CO2 antisolvent crystallization—for dual-drug formulations of molnupiravir and tobramycin. Random forest models link processing conditions to drug particle size. SFD yields porous particles with strong aerosol performance, while gate-to-gate LCA and LCC reveal higher burdens than SD across nine impact categories. SD also shows the lowest overall environmental burden and cost.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sustainable-inhalable-anti-infective-microparticle-manufacturing-through-life-cycle-and-cost-analysis-with-machine-learning-optimization/291245/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sustainable-inhalable-anti-infective-microparticle-manufacturing-through-life-cycle-and-cost-analysis-with-machine-learning-optimization/291245.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ophelia","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-18","2026-09-17",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Which manufacturing techniques are compared for the inhalable dual-drug microparticles?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study evaluates spray drying (SD), spray freeze-drying (SFD), and supercritical CO2 antisolvent crystallization (SAS) to produce molnupiravir–tobramycin inhalable formulations.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the machine learning approach support the analysis?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Random forest modeling is used to assess how processing conditions in each method affect the resulting drug particle size.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What do the life cycle assessment and costing indicate about SD versus SFD?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Gate-to-gate LCA and LCC show that SFD has higher environmental burdens than SD across nine impact categories, while SD achieves both the lowest overall environmental burden and the lowest cost for one batch.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},291245,1789643864,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},7971461741311,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826","This article is licensed under CC-BY 4 .0   \n\n| [pubs.acs.org/acssrm](pubs.acs.org/acssrm)  Article \u003Cbr>Sustainable Inhalable Anti-infective Microparticle Manufacturing Through Life Cycle and Cost Analysis with Machine Learning Optimization\u003Cbr>Yong Liu,\\# Xinyu Li,\\# Yuanyue Wang, Xiya Sun, Shaoyang Tong, Suxu Zhao, Lynda Thubelihle Kanye, Qingzhen Zhang, Ning Xue, Kaiqi Shi,* Justin Z. Lian,* Fanran Meng,* and Bin Dong * |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|  Cite This: ACS Sustain. Resour. Manag. 2026, 3, 1800−1813  |  |  |  | |  |  |\n| ACCESS  |  Metrics & More |  |  Article Recommendations |  |  |  Supporting Information |\n\nABSTRACT: Pharmaceutical manufacturing must balance therapeutic efficacy with environmental and economic sustainability. Inhalable dry powder formulations are effective for treating respiratory infections, yet the sustainability of production methods remains poorly understood. This study evaluates three scalable microparticle fabrication techniques, spray drying (SD), spray freeze-drying (SFD), and supercritical CO2 antisolvent crystallization (SAS), for producing dual-drug inhalable formulations combining molnupiravir and tobramycin. In the machine learning section, random forest (RF) was used to investigate the impact of each condition in different methods on the drug particle size. Particle morphology and stability varied by method, with SFD producing highly porous particles and optimal aerosol performance. However, a gate-to-gate life cycle  \nassessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) highlight trade-offs: SFD incurred higher burdens than SD across all nine environmental impact categories, while SD achieved the lowest overall environmental burden and the lowest cost (USD $0.4218 one batch) . Sensitivity analysis shows that shifting to clean energy sources could reduce emissions by up to 52% . Through machine learning, LCA, and LCC, this work establishes a predictive framework for sustainability-oriented pharmaceutical manufacturing, advancing both granulation-stage eco-conscious drug production and strategies for reducing the footprint of emerging therapeutic technologies. KEYWORDS: sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing, dry powder inhalation, life cycle assessment, life cycle costing, machine learning, process optimization, granulation-stage sustainability  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nGlobally, approximately 15–25% of severe seasonal influenza cases are complicated by bacterial co-infection (primarily Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus), resulting in a 3.5-fold increase in mortality rate.1 In patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), secondary bacterial infection (SBI) has been shown to significantly increase mortality and disease burden. A retrospective study from Saudi Arabia reported that the mortality rate among patients with secondary infections reached 47.6%, compared with only 6.1% in those with COVID-19 alone, representing a 14-fold increase in the mortality risk. In addition, these patients had an eightfold higher risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, underwent invasive procedures more frequently, and experienced significantly prolonged hospital stays.2 Another study focusing on patients with COVID-19 pneumonia found that 15.2% of deaths were attributable to secondary bacterial infections.3 Similarly, a comparative study from Israel demonstrated that the incidence of secondary bacterial infection was higher in  \nCOVID-19 patients than in influenza patients (12.6 vs 8.7%), and late-onset infections (occurring more than 48 h after admission) were strongly associated with increased mortality risk, with COVID-19 showing approximately a 7-fold increase and influenza a 4.8-fold increase.4 Viral-bacterial co-infection potently elevates the risk of sepsis and mortality by compromising airway barrier integrity, amplifying inflammatory cascades, and potentiating systemic dissemination.5,6  \nTo date, no monotherapy exists for such co-infection, necessitat","cbCaiihGOSz5qZFx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiihGOSz5qZFx","pdf",2786975,14,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Background on co-infections and unmet needs","[{\"question\":\"Which manufacturing techniques are compared for the inhalable dual-drug microparticles?\",\"answer\":\"The study evaluates spray drying (SD), spray freeze-drying (SFD), and supercritical CO2 antisolvent crystallization (SAS) to produce molnupiravir–tobramycin inhalable formulations.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the machine learning approach support the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Random forest modeling is used to assess how processing conditions in each method affect the resulting drug particle size.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the life cycle assessment and costing indicate about SD versus SFD?\",\"answer\":\"Gate-to-gate LCA and LCC show that SFD has higher environmental burdens than SD across nine impact categories, while SD achieves both the lowest overall environmental burden and the lowest cost for one batch.\"}]","Sustainable Inhalable Anti-infective Microparticle Manufacturing Through Life Cycle and Cost Analysis with Machine Learning Optimization | PDF",35]