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Conference Papers Series  \nSupply-Side Responses in School Choice  \nChandon Adger, and Brianna Felegi 1  \nPEPG 25-19  \nThis paper was presented at the School Choice Tradeoffs and Evidence-Based Policy Making conference held at the Harvard Kennedy School, May 8-9, 2025  \nHarvard Kennedy School  \n79 JFK Street, Taubman 220  \nCambridge, MA 02138  \nTel: 617-495-7976 Fax: 617-496-4428  \n[www.hks.harvard.edu/pepg/](www.hks.harvard.edu/pepg/)  \n1 Adger: Unaffiliated Researcher; Felegi: Virginia Tech  \nSupply-Side Responses in School Choice  \nChandon Adger  \n[chandon.adger@gmail.com](chandon.adger@gmail.com)  \nBrianna Felegi∗  \n[bfelegi@vt.edu](bfelegi@vt.edu)  \nJune 23, 2025  \nLink to Most Current Version  \nAbstract  \nThis paper examines the competitive effects of the Indiana Choice Scholarship Program on public and participating private schools. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that high exposure public schools witnessed increases in quality, driven by improvements in math. Initially poor performing public schools drive our results, suggesting that the public school quality gap shrank because of the program. Average quality at participating private schools fell following the program’s adoption. We also present suggestive evidence that high exposure participating private schools saw larger declines in quality. Policymakers should consider these indirect effects to understand vouchers’ total impact on educational outcomes.  \n∗ Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  \nThis paper was supported by Notre Dame’s Center for Research on Educational Opportunity (CREO) and the Institute of Educational Initiatives. We are grateful to the Indiana Department of Education for providing access to state administrative records and for supporting independent analyses. We are also grateful to Roberto Pe˜naloza, who helped organize the data. We thank participants at the 2022 Southern Economics Conference, the 2023 Association of Public Policy and Administration Annual Conference, the 2023 Montana State University Applied Economics Summer Conference, and the 2025 Program on Education Policy and Governance as well as those at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, University of Notre Dame and Texas A&M University for their insightful feedback. All opinions expressed in this paper represent those of the authors and not necessarily the institutions with which they are affiliated. All errors in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors.  \nI Introduction  \nSchool choice programs have become a popular tool to eliminate inequities in access to schooling. Private school vouchers have drawn increasing attention in this effort. In the last 20 years, the number of state-funded voucher programs has increased five-fold, from 5 in 2000 to 25 in 2024 . Furthermore, the scale of these programs has grown significantly over time. The first U.S. voucher program, Milwaukee Parental Choice, featured an enrollment limit of 1% of the public school population when it launched in 1991 . Today, the average voucher program has no enrollment cap, and around 26% of families qualify to participate (EdChoice, 2024) . Moreover, in states that have these programs, nearly 1 in 10 private school students now use a voucher to attend (EdChoice, 2024; National Center for Education Statistics, 2019) .  \nThe introduction and expansion of voucher programs could impact education outcomes through two main channels. First, voucher programs could expand access to higher quality schools for qualifying students. Second, voucher programs could alter school quality by changing the competition over enrollment. Most of the existing literature evaluating the effectiveness of these programs focuses on the fist channel through the use of small-scale randomized control trials (RCTs) to compare the outcomes of those offered a voucher to those in the control group for a small subset of the total studen","cbCaipOn9dNX9Wqc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipOn9dNX9Wqc","pdf",3237945,76,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the main question of the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The paper studies the competitive effects of the Indiana Choice Scholarship Program on both public schools and participating private schools.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the authors measure school quality and exposure?\",\"answer\":\"They construct school-level quality measures using value-added estimates from student testing data, then define high exposure by proximity between public and private choice schools within five miles.\"},{\"question\":\"What effects does the program have on public and private schools?\",\"answer\":\"High exposure public schools see quality gains driven by improved math, while participating private schools experience quality declines after the program’s adoption, with suggestive evidence of larger declines for high exposure private schools.\"}]","Supply-Side Responses in School Choice | PDF",1792060970,192]