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Fagopyrum tararicum seeds show antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antihypertensive activities, but how their water-extraction–ethanol precipitation supernatants regulate gut microbiota and connect to T2DM remains unclear. This study assesses effects of SWEPFT on hyperglycemia and intestinal microbiota in T2DM mice, showing improved metabolic markers, enhanced insulin sensitivity/resistance and β-cell function, and microbiota shifts linked to short-chain fatty acids and candidate biomarkers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/supernatants-from-water-extractionethanol-precipitation-of-fagopyrum-tararicum-seeds-enhance-t2dm-management-in-mice-by-regulating-intestinal-microbial-communities/462186/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/supernatants-from-water-extractionethanol-precipitation-of-fagopyrum-tararicum-seeds-enhance-t2dm-management-in-mice-by-regulating-intestinal-microbial-communities/462186.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Margaret","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main goal of the study regarding Fagopyrum tararicum seeds?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To evaluate how supernatants from water extraction–ethanol precipitation of Fagopyrum tararicum seeds (SWEPFT) affect hyperglycemia and intestinal microbial communities in T2DM mice.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does SWEPFT influence metabolic outcomes in T2DM mice?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"After four weeks, SWEPFT markedly improves hyperglycemia-related measures, including reduced body weight, fasting blood glucose, and glycated serum protein, and improves insulin sensitivity/resistance and β-cell function indicators.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which gut microbiota changes are reported in response to SWEPFT?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"SWEPFT decreases the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, increases Intestinimonas and Ruminiclostridium proportions, and raises short-chain fatty acid content.",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"What potential T2DM biomarkers are suggested from correlation analysis?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"Candidatus_Arthromitus, Anaeroplasma, Candidatus_Stoquefichus, and Harryflintia are identified as potential T2DM biomarkers linked to glycemic regulation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},462186,1790814368,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":143,"language":144,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":148,"read_time":149,"preview_page_count":4},137451207643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Article  \nSupernatants from Water Extraction—Ethanol Precipitation of Fagopyrum tararicum Seeds Enhance T2DM Management in Mice by Regulating Intestinal Microbial Communities  \nXiaodong Ge 1,2,†, Xiaoxuan Du 1,3,†, Yaolin Wang 1, Yang Yang 4, Xiaoyu Gao 1, Yuchang Zhou 1, Yuting Jiang 1, Shiqi Xiao 1, Ligen Chen 1,2, Rong Shao 1,2, Wei Xu 1,2, Kyung-Min Kim 3,5, * and Na Wu 1,2, *  \nAcademic Editor: Evandro Leite de Souza  \nReceived: 18 November 2025  \nRevised: 11 December 2025  \nAccepted: 17 December 2025  \nPublished: 2 January 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; [gexiaodongyg@163.com](gexiaodongyg@163.com) (X.G.); [haobingshuaike@hotmail.com](haobingshuaike@hotmail.com) (X.D.); [19516690593@163.com](19516690593@163.com) (Y.W.); [18913064550@163.com](18913064550@163.com) (X.G.); [17372710809@163.com](17372710809@163.com) (Y.Z.); [jyuting1120@163.com](jyuting1120@163.com) (Y.J.); [15896053836@163.com](15896053836@163.com) (S.X.); [ycit549638894@outlook.com](ycit549638894@outlook.com) (L.C.); [shaor1973@163.com](shaor1973@163.com) (R.S.); [xuweiyc@163.com](xuweiyc@163.com) (W.X.)  \n2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Exploration and Utilization of Marine Wetland Biological Resources, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China  \n3 Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea  \n4 School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; [15189416922@163.com](15189416922@163.com)  \n5 Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea  \n* Correspondence: [kkm@knu.ac.kr](kkm@knu.ac.kr) (K.-M.K.); [nwu@cibt.ac.cn](nwu@cibt.ac.cn) (N.W.)† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract  \nType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an endocrine–metabolic disorder characterized by pancreatic islet dysfunction-induced hyperglycemia, which triggers hepatic injury, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and systemic complications. Fagopyrum tararicum seeds exhibit various biological activities, including antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antihypertensive effects. However, there is limited research exploring how supernatants derived from the water extraction–ethanol precipitation of Fagopyrum tararicum seeds (SWEPFT) modulate the intestinal microbiota and their potential link to T2DM. This study evaluates SWEPFT’s effects on hyperglycemia and intestinal microbiota in T2DM mice. After a 4-week therapeutic period, SWEPFT markedly ameliorated hyperglycemia, as evidenced by reduced body weight (BW), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and glycated serum protein (GSP) and improved insulin sensitivity/resistance indicators (HOMA-IS/IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-β) . Furthermore, the levels of both Akt1 and Slc2a2 transcription displayed notable enhancement. SWEPFT-H (high-dose SWEPFT) exhibited superior effects to SWEPFT-L (low-dose SWEPFT) in improving BW, FBG, and HOMA-IS. Moreover, SWEPFT modulated the intestinal microbiota by decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, augmenting the proportion of Intestinimonas and Ruminiclostridium, and increasing the short-chain fatty acid content. A correlation analysis identified Candidatus_Arthromitus, Anaeroplasma, Candidatus_Stoquefichus, and Harryflintia as potential T2DM biomarkers linked to glycemic regulation. These findings elucidate SWEPFT’s critical role in microbiota modulation and hyperglycemia alleviation, providing a novel perspective for T2DM pathogenesis research and therapeutic development.  \nKeywords: Fagopyrum tararicum seeds; type 2 diabetes mellitus mice; hyperglycemia; intestinal microbiota; short-chain fatty acids  \n1. Introduction  \nDiabetes mellitus is a metabolic cond","cbCaihlMGoYnqjFr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihlMGoYnqjFr","pdf",4930824,22,"English","# Introduction\n## Diabetes mellitus and T2DM overview\n## Intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in T2DM","[{\"question\":\"What is the main goal of the study regarding Fagopyrum tararicum seeds?\",\"answer\":\"To evaluate how supernatants from water extraction–ethanol precipitation of Fagopyrum tararicum seeds (SWEPFT) affect hyperglycemia and intestinal microbial communities in T2DM mice.\"},{\"question\":\"How does SWEPFT influence metabolic outcomes in T2DM mice?\",\"answer\":\"After four weeks, SWEPFT markedly improves hyperglycemia-related measures, including reduced body weight, fasting blood glucose, and glycated serum protein, and improves insulin sensitivity/resistance and β-cell function indicators.\"},{\"question\":\"Which gut microbiota changes are reported in response to SWEPFT?\",\"answer\":\"SWEPFT decreases the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, increases Intestinimonas and Ruminiclostridium proportions, and raises short-chain fatty acid content.\"},{\"question\":\"What potential T2DM biomarkers are suggested from correlation analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Candidatus_Arthromitus, Anaeroplasma, Candidatus_Stoquefichus, and Harryflintia are identified as potential T2DM biomarkers linked to glycemic regulation.\"}]","Supernatants from Water Extraction—Ethanol Precipitation of Fagopyrum tararicum Seeds Enhance T2DM Management in Mice - by Regulating Intestinal Microbial Communities | PDF",1790763515,55]