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This study tests whether Desulfovibrio induces α-syn aggregation in enteroendocrine and neuronal cells, promotes α-syn secretion from intestinal cells, and whether bacteria-free conditioned medium can further trigger neuronal α-syn aggregation. In parallel, Desulfovibrio is evaluated for direct neuronal effects, including inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Mouse experiments assess α-syn levels across intestine, plasma, and brain and examine TH expression changes.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sulfate-reducing-bacteria-induce-synuclein-in-intestinal-and-neuronal-cells-and-tissues-and-inhibit-tyrosine-hydroxylase-in-neuronal-cells/410321/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sulfate-reducing-bacteria-induce-synuclein-in-intestinal-and-neuronal-cells-and-tissues-and-inhibit-tyrosine-hydroxylase-in-neuronal-cells/410321.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"\tJames","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the central hypothesis tested in this study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Desulfovibrio sulfate reducing bacteria may drive α-synuclein aggregation and spread from intestinal cells to neurons, connecting gut activity to Parkinson’s disease pathology.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How were α-syn aggregation and α-syn levels measured?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"α-syn aggregation was assessed by immunofluorescence, while α-syn levels in supernatants, tissues, and plasma were measured using ELISA. TH and α-syn protein expression were analyzed by Western blot.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What effects did Desulfovibrio have on neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"In neuronal SH-Sy5y cells, Desulfovibrio directly induced α-syn aggregation and inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, with a decreasing trend in TH expression also observed in mouse brains.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},410321,1790719550,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336474466412,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 18 December 2025 DOI 10.3389/fnins.2025.1672793  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nDongning Su,  \nCapital Medical University, China  \nREVIEWED BY  \nNicolas Casadei,  \nUniversity of Tübingen, Germany Kanika Bhardwaj,  \nInspiration Innovation Synergy University, India  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nHenry C. Lin  \n [HeLin@salud.unm.edu](HeLin@salud.unm.edu)  \nRECEIVED 24 July 2025  \nREVISED 01 November 2025  \nACCEPTED 21 November 2025  \nPUBLISHED 18 December 2025  \nCITATION  \nSingh SB, Capacio AJ, Braun CA,  \nCarroll-Portillo A, Ryman S and Lin HC (2025) Sulfate reducing bacteria induce α-synucleinin intestinal and neuronal cells and tissues and inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase in neuronal cells.  \nFront. Neurosci. 19:1672793 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1672793  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Singh, Capacio, Braun,  \nCarroll-Portillo, Ryman and Lin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nSulfate reducing bacteria induce α-synuclein in intestinal and neuronal cells and tissues and inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase in neuronal cells  \nSudha B. Singh 1, Arianne J. Capacio 1, Cody A. Braun 1,  \nAmanda Carroll-Portillo 2, Sephira Ryman3,4 and Henry C. Lin 2,5*  \n1Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States, 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States, 3Department of Translational Neuroscience, The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States, 4Nene and Jamie Koch Comprehensive Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States, 5Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, United States  \nIntroduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD), a synucleopathy characterized by the presence of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in the brain, is thought to originate in the intestine. Desulfovibrio, resident gut sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), usually found in very low numbers in a healthy gut, are found in higher numbers in PD. In a recent study, a separate group demonstrated that Desulfovibrio isolated from both PD patients and healthy subjects were fed to C. elegans and were found to increase α-syn aggregates in the head region of the worms. How these bacteria induce α-syn aggregates in the brain through the gut remain unknown. We tested whether Desulfovibrio induced α-syn aggregates in the intestinal cells and triggered α-syn secretion from these cells into the growth medium and whether this growth medium (devoid of bacteria) further induced α-syn aggregates in neurons. We also tested whether Desulfovibrio directly induced α-syn aggregates in neuronal cells and inhibited protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a key dopamine-producing enzyme. We also tested whether Desulfovibrio increased α-syn levels in intestine, plasma, and in brain in mice.  \nMethods: Enteroendocrine STC-1 and neuronal SH-Sy5y cells were infected with Desulfovibrio vulgaris (DSV) . We measured α-syn aggregation by immunofluorescence. α-syn levels in cell culture supernatant (sup), tissues, and plasma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Protein expression of TH and α-syn was analyzed by Western blot.  \nResults: We found that DSV increased the number ofSTC-1cells withα-synaggregatesand also induced α-syn expression in these cells. Sup from DSV-infected STC-1 had higher α-syn levels compared to control uninfected sup and could induce α-syn aggregates in SH-Sy5y. DSV also directly induced a syn aggregates and inhibited THin SH-Sy5y. DSV-gavage","cbCaim48RNfrH9Rs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim48RNfrH9Rs","pdf",1129411,11,"English","# Introduction\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What is the central hypothesis tested in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Desulfovibrio sulfate reducing bacteria may drive α-synuclein aggregation and spread from intestinal cells to neurons, connecting gut activity to Parkinson’s disease pathology.\"},{\"question\":\"How were α-syn aggregation and α-syn levels measured?\",\"answer\":\"α-syn aggregation was assessed by immunofluorescence, while α-syn levels in supernatants, tissues, and plasma were measured using ELISA. TH and α-syn protein expression were analyzed by Western blot.\"},{\"question\":\"What effects did Desulfovibrio have on neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase?\",\"answer\":\"In neuronal SH-Sy5y cells, Desulfovibrio directly induced α-syn aggregation and inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, with a decreasing trend in TH expression also observed in mouse brains.\"}]","Sulfate reducing bacteria induce α-synuclein in intestinal and neuronal cells and tissues and inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase in neuronal cells | PDF",1790584972,28]