[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-636543-105":59,"doc-detail-636543-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","study-on-single-photon-imaging-method-for-permanent-shadow-crater-of-the-moon","Study on Single Photon Imaging Method for Permanent Shadow Crater of the Moon","","Permanent shadow regions on the Moon are a major research focus because they contain no illumination and cannot be imaged with conventional techniques. The study presents a single-photon imaging method for obtaining radiation and distance information in such areas. A spaceborne photon-counting imaging system is designed; a photon-counting mathematical model is derived; and a Monte Carlo simulation is used to analyze the photon-counting process. Simulated laser-echo waveforms restore target echoes well, and evaluation results show relative radiation accuracy of 0.23% and laser ranging accuracy of 0.075 m.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/study-on-single-photon-imaging-method-for-permanent-shadow-crater-of-the-moon/636543/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/study-on-single-photon-imaging-method-for-permanent-shadow-crater-of-the-moon/636543.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Grenda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is imaging the Moon’s permanent shadow area challenging?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The permanent shadow region has no light, so traditional imaging methods cannot obtain radiation information there.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What imaging approach does the paper propose for the permanent shadow area?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It proposes a single-photon imaging method that can simultaneously provide radiation imaging and distance imaging information.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How is the performance of the space photon-counting imaging system evaluated?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The work designs a spaceborne photon-counting system, derives a photon-counting model, runs Monte Carlo simulations, and simulates the pulse laser echo waveform to analyze radiation performance.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},636543,1793137367,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},7971474921005,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Study on Single Photon Imaging Method for Permanent Shadow Crater of the Moon  \nZhongqiu Xia  \nBeijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, [China-xiazhongqiu@126.com](China-xiazhongqiu@126.com)  \nKeywords: Single photon, imaging, permanent shadow crater, the Moon.  \nAbstract  \nThe detection of the permanent shadow area of the moon is currently a research hotspot. As the name suggests, there is no light in the permanent shadow area, and traditional methods cannot image it. This paper proposes a single photon imaging method that can be used for radiation imaging and distance imaging in this area. A spaceborne photon counting imaging system was designed, a mathematical model for photon counting was derived, and a Monte Carlo simulation method for photon counting process was proposed. The pulse laser echo waveform was simulated, and the radiation performance of the space photon counting imaging system was analysed. The simulated laser echo waveform has a high degree of restoration, indicating that the selected laser repetition rate and gating interval are appropriate. The echo waveforms of targets with the same reflectivity are similar but different, indicating that photon counting is a random process, which is consistent with reality. The higher the target reflectivity, the greater the total number of echo photons. Under the same reflectivity conditions, the total number of echo photons is different but similar. The relative radiation accuracy can reach 0.23%; The laser ranging accuracy can reach 0.075m. This study can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the design of space photon counting imaging systems and the adjustment of in orbit parameters.  \n1. Introduction  \nLunar lava tubes are usually generated by volcanic activity on the moon and are widely distributed in lunar mare and highland areas. Based on the current traces of volcanic activity on the lunar surface, lava tubes beneath the surface may take on different shapes, including cylindrical, elliptical, or irregular shapes, with slopes ranging from 0.4 ° to 6.5 ° and sizes varying from a few meters to several kilometers(Zhou C Y, 2024) . Figure 1 shows the remote sensing image and reconstructed three-dimensional structure of the lava tube skylight in the Mare Tranquillitatis area.  \na. Lateral view image(LROC NAC M144395745L)  \nb. Nadir view image(LROC NAC M126710873R)  \nc. Three-dimensional reconstruction model Fig 1. Lava tube skylight in Mare Tranquillitatis acquired by LRO (Zhou C Y, 2024)  \nA research team from the University of Trento in Italy used radar data from LRO to discover an expanding tunnel located on the west side of the bottom of the Mare Tranquillitatis crater on the moon. It is speculated that this tunnel may be as long as 30 to 80 meters, with a width of about 45 meters, and the interior may be flat or inclined at a maximum angle of 45 degrees, as shown in fig 2. This significant discovery provides valuable reference for the site selection of future lunar bases.  \nFig 2. Reconstructed MTP cave conduit based on an inversion of the the Mini-RF radar data. (Carrer L, 2024)  \nThere is no lighting in the permanent shadow area, and current work mainly focuses on three-dimensional geometric reconstruction of the terrain in this area. It is necessary to explore a new imaging method to simultaneously obtain radiation information and geometric information.  \nIn recent years, photon counting imaging technology has developed rapidly. Many researchers have conducted a large number of ground experiments. Ahmed Kirmani et al. proposed a first photon imaging system, which continuously emits laser pulses from pixels at different scanning positions until the first reflected single photon is detected. By recording the number of emitted pulses and the time from departure to detection, intensity and depth features are obtained (Kirmani A, 2014) . Genevieve Gariepy et al. proposed ultrafast single photon time-of-flight ranging imaging","cbCaigS3xCqFRFkB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigS3xCqFRFkB","pdf",1310852,"English","# Introduction\n# Optics","[{\"question\":\"Why is imaging the Moon’s permanent shadow area challenging?\",\"answer\":\"The permanent shadow region has no light, so traditional imaging methods cannot obtain radiation information there.\"},{\"question\":\"What imaging approach does the paper propose for the permanent shadow area?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes a single-photon imaging method that can simultaneously provide radiation imaging and distance imaging information.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the performance of the space photon-counting imaging system evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"The work designs a spaceborne photon-counting system, derives a photon-counting model, runs Monte Carlo simulations, and simulates the pulse laser echo waveform to analyze radiation performance.\"}]","Study on Single Photon Imaging Method for Permanent Shadow Crater of the Moon | PDF",1792678464,18]