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The Fishman Evaluation labels the programs abject failures, citing high arrest recidivism, especially for juveniles and violent crime, and calls for harsher remedies. Franklin E. Zimring challenges the study’s inferences, questioning sample representativeness and the absence of control groups, and reassesses diversion impacts.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/study-dubs-new-york-city-treatment-and-diversion-a-failure-zimring-unconvinced/568582/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/study-dubs-new-york-city-treatment-and-diversion-a-failure-zimring-unconvinced/568582.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Dipper","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the core claim of the Fishman Evaluation about the 18 rehabilitation and diversion programs?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It concludes that rehabilitation failed to stem recidivism, describing the programs as abject failures, particularly regarding juveniles and violent crime.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What main methodological criticisms does Zimring raise against the Fishman Evaluation?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"He questions the representativeness of the recidivism sample and argues the study lacks proper comparison or control groups, limiting what the results can prove.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the report address diversion programs and their relationship to crime increases?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Zimring faults the assumption that diverted offenders would otherwise have been incarcerated, and suggests many diverted offenders would likely have avoided incarceration anyway based on his own study.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},568582,1792230558,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},1374404997633,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","VOLUME 6A PUBLICATION OFNUMBER 18THE NATIONALCOUNCILSEPT.15,1975ON CRIME AND DELINQUENCYABi-Weekly Report on Significant DevelopmentsFor Leaders in Criminal Justice Administration  \n\"Diversion,as provided by the[New York City]pro-jects,has added to the increase in crime,by divertingfrom detention or prosecution persons charged withviolent crimes\"Robert Fishman,principal investigatorfor a study of New York City treatment projects(p.1).  \nEvaluation(1)●Study finds that 18 New YorkCity rehabilitation and diversion programs failed to stemrecidivism;critique of study by Prof.Franklin Zimring.  \nJudicial Process(3)●New York,Texas and Wis-consin prepare to submit constitutional amendments oncourt unification to the voters ●Loan of civil courtjudges to criminal court fails to cut case backlog inCook County,IL.  \nCorrections(4)·Community-based pre-releasecenters linked to 50%cut in recidivism among a sampleof Massachusetts male offenders.  \nJuvenile Justice(4)Denver delinquency preven-tion program claims success·Community arbitrationapproach cuts misdemeanor processing time in Marylandcounty.  \nPolice(5)·National Commission on Productivitycatalogues programs making good use of communica-tions and information technology.  \nResearch,Reports(6)·LEAA studies find dropin number of inmates at jails and juvenile facilities·Na-tional CJ Manpower Survey set to begin this month.  \n# Study Dubs New York City Treatment andDiversion a \"Failure;\"Zimring Unconvinced\n\nNew York City criminal justice authorities havebeen embroiled this spring and summer in a miniatureMartinson-style debate on the value of rehabilitationand diversion,with administrators buffeted by the con-flicting analyses of two respected researchers.  \nAt issue is a massive evaluation which labels 18diverse \"people programs”sponsored by the Mayor'sCriminal Justice Coordinating Council between 1971-74as abject failures.But the 42 month study of the pro-grams,headed by principal investigator Robert Fishmanof the Research Foundation of the City University ofNew York,has in turn drawn a highly negative evalua-tion by noted researcher Franklin E.Zimring of the Cen-ter for Studies in Criminal Justice at the University ofChicago Law School.  \nThe Fishman Evaluation is permeated by the re-searchers'intense concern about their“unexpected”and“jarring”findings regarding the ineffectiveness of treat-ment and diversion.Admittedly harsh remedies are pro-posed as a corrective.Some of the key findings were:  \n●\"Rehabilitation by the projects was a failure,particularly with juveniles andin relation toviolentcrime.\"The 41%rate of arrest recidivism among the  \n2,860 clients in the sample was judged intolerable,es-pecially from the perspective of the 605 victims of theviolent crimes charged against the clients in the first yearafter project entry.  \n●\"Individual project characteristics,had noeffect on the projects'ability to influence the arrest re-  \ncidivism of their clients.\"The 18 projects evaluated,many of them designed as model approaches,varied interms of quantity,quality,types and mix of servicesprovided,staff-client ratios,proportions of professionalvs.paraprofessional staff,per capita funding,and otherattributes.  \n●\"Diversion,as provided by the projects,hasadded to the increase in crime,by diverting from deten-tion or prosecution persons charged with violent crimes.”In one set of five diversion programs aimed at youthsaged 13-15,the arrest recidivism rate one year after pro-ject entry was 51%,the recidivism ratio was one arrestper client,and 35%of these arrests were for violentcrimes.  \nFunding Unjustified.In its major conclusion,theFishman Evaluation stated that,“The cost of recidivismto society and the victims is so high that rehabilitationby the projects is a failure as a remedy for the problemof crime,particularly violent crime.Under the circum-stances,it is unjustified to continue to use federal,stateor city crime prevention and control money to fundrehabilitation services....\"  \nNo diver","cbCaitgZOVG8fh3j","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitgZOVG8fh3j","pdf",3610016,"English","# Study Dubs New York City Treatment and Diversion a \"Failure;\" - Zimring Unconvinced\n## Evaluation\n## Judicial Process\n## Corrections\n## Juvenile Justice\n## Police\n## Research, Reports","[{\"question\":\"What is the core claim of the Fishman Evaluation about the 18 rehabilitation and diversion programs?\",\"answer\":\"It concludes that rehabilitation failed to stem recidivism, describing the programs as abject failures, particularly regarding juveniles and violent crime.\"},{\"question\":\"What main methodological criticisms does Zimring raise against the Fishman Evaluation?\",\"answer\":\"He questions the representativeness of the recidivism sample and argues the study lacks proper comparison or control groups, limiting what the results can prove.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report address diversion programs and their relationship to crime increases?\",\"answer\":\"Zimring faults the assumption that diverted offenders would otherwise have been incarcerated, and suggests many diverted offenders would likely have avoided incarceration anyway based on his own study.\"}]","Study Dubs New York City Treatment and Diversion a \"Failure;\" - Zimring Unconvinced | PDF",1791871482,23]