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President and Fellows of Harvard College - Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law","","Findings of fact and conclusions of law address claims by Students for Fair Admissions that Harvard’s undergraduate admissions process discriminates against Asian American applicants in violation of Title VI. The document summarizes the procedural history and evidence considered, including non-statistical allegations of bias and stereotyping, statistical analyses of admission rates and ratings by race, and evaluation of race-neutral alternatives. It then applies legal standards such as standing and strict scrutiny to determine whether Harvard’s use of race meets applicable requirements.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/students-for-fair-admissions-v-president-and-fellows-of-harvard-college-findings-of-fact-and-conclusions-of-law/266714/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/students-for-fair-admissions-v-president-and-fellows-of-harvard-college-findings-of-fact-and-conclusions-of-law/266714.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Kyle","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-14",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What claims do Students for Fair Admissions bring against Harvard under Title VI?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Students for Fair Admissions alleges Harvard discriminates against Asian American applicants in undergraduate admissions in violation of Title VI, including claims related to intentional discrimination and the use of race in different ways.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What types of evidence does the document evaluate in the findings of fact?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The findings include non-statistical evidence of discrimination (such as allegations of stereotyping and bias) and statistical analysis of admission rates and ratings by race, along with consideration of race-neutral alternatives.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does the document address legal conclusions regarding Harvard’s use of race?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The conclusions of law apply legal frameworks such as standing and strict scrutiny, assessing whether Harvard’s admission program’s consideration of race satisfies the required legal standards and whether race balancing or plus-factor use is permissible.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},266714,1789410949,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},3985741905716,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Case 1:14-CV-14176-ADB Document 672 Filed 09/30/19 Page 1 of 130  \n# UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTDISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS\n\nSTUDENTS FOR FAIR ADMISSIONS,INC.,**Plaintiff,**V.**PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF*HARVARD COLLEGE(HARVARD*CORPORATION),**Defendant.*  \nCivil Action No.14-cv-14176-ADB  \n# FINDINGS OF FACTAND CONCLUSION OFLAW\n\nCase 1:14-CV-14176-ADB Document 672 Filed 09/30/19 Page 2 of 130  \nTable of Contents  \nI.INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4  \nII.PROCEDURALHISTORY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4  \nIII. FINDINGS OF FACT:DIVERSITY, ADMISSIONS PROCESS, AND LITIGATION………6  \nA.Diversity at Harvard………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6  \n1.Harvard's Interest in Diversity………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6  \n2.Admissions Office's Efforts to Obtain a Diverse Applicant Pool……………………………………………8  \nB.The Admissions Process ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11  \n1.The Application……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12  \n2.Alumni and Staff Interviews……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13  \n3.Application Review Proces…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16  \ni. Admissions Office and Personnel……………………………………………………………………………………………16  \nii. Reading Procedures………………………………………………………………………………………………………18  \niii. Committee Meetings and Admissions Decisions…………………………………………………23  \n4.Harvard's Use of Race in Admissions……………………………………………………………………………………………27  \nC.Prelude to this Lawsuit……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31  \n1.The Unz Article……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31  \n2.Analysis by Office of Institutional Research………………………………………………………………………………32  \ni. Mark Hansen's Admissions Models……………………………………………………………………………………32  \nii. Low-Income Admissions Models …………………………………………………………………………………………35  \n3.The Ryan Committe……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………38  \n4.The Khurana Committee ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………39  \n5.The Smith Committee…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………40  \nIV.FINDINGS OF FACT: NON-STATISTICAL EVIDENCE OF DISCRIMINATION…………41  \nA.Sparse Country………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………41  \nB. The OCR Report…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………43  \nC.More Recent Allegations of Stereotyping and Bias…………………………………………………………………45  \nV.FINDINGS OF FACT:STATISTICAL ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………50  \nA.Sources of Statistical Evidence………………………………………………………………………………………………………………50  \nB. Admission Rates and Ratings by Race ………………………………………………………………………………………………53  \nC.Descriptive Statistics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………57  \n1.Professor Card’s Multidimensionality Analysis……………………………………………………………………57  \n2.Professor Arcidiacono's Academic Index Decile Analysis…………………………………………………60  \nD.Overview of Logistic Regression Models…………………………………………………………………………………………62  \nE. Regression Models of School Support,Profile,and Overall Ratings……………………………………67  \n1.Relationship Between Race and School Support Ratings…………………………………………67  \n2.Relationship Between Race and Personal Ratings…………………………………………………………………68  \n3.Regression Models of the Academic,Extracurricular,and Overall Ratings…………………73  \nF. Regression Models of Admissions Outcome……………………………………………………………………………………74  \nG.Absence of Statistical Support for Racial Balancing or Quotas ………………………………………………80  \nVI.FINDINGS OF FACT: RACE-NEUTRAL ALTERNATIVES…………………………………………………83  \nA.Eliminating Early Action……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………85  \nB.ALDC Tips……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………86  \nC. Augmenting Recruiting Efforts and Financial Aid………………………………………………………………………87  \nD.Increasing Diversity by Admitting More Transfer Students………………………………………………………8  \nE.Eliminating Standardized Testing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………88  \nF.Place-Based Quotas …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………89  \nG.SFFA's Proposed Combinations of Various Race-Neutral Alternatives………………………………90  \nV","cbCainfyzoEkHdb9","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainfyzoEkHdb9","pdf",17842316,130,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n# PROCEDURAL HISTORY\n# FINDINGS OF FACT: DIVERSITY, ADMISSIONS PROCESS, AND LITIGATION\n## Diversity at Harvard\n## The Admissions Process\n## Harvard's Use of Race in Admissions\n## Prelude to this Lawsuit\n# FINDINGS OF FACT: NON-STATISTICAL EVIDENCE OF DISCRIMINATION\n## Sparse Country\n## The OCR Report\n## More Recent Allegations of Stereotyping and Bias\n# FINDINGS OF FACT: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS\n## Sources of Statistical Evidence\n## Admission Rates and Ratings by Race\n## Descriptive Statistics\n## Overview of Logistic Regression Models\n## Regression Models of Admissions Outcome\n## Absence of Statistical Support for Racial Balancing or Quotas\n# FINDINGS OF FACT: RACE-NEUTRAL ALTERNATIVES\n## Eliminating Early Action\n## ALDC Tips\n## Augmenting Recruiting Efforts and Financial Aid\n## Increasing Diversity by Admitting More Transfer Students\n## Eliminating Standardized Testing\n## Place-Based Quotas\n## SFFA's Proposed Combinations of Various Race-Neutral Alternatives\n# CONCLUSIONS OF LAW\n## Overview\n## SFFA Has Standing\n## The Supreme Court and Race-Conscious Admission\n## Harvard's Admission Program and Strict Scrutiny\n## Count II–Count I and Other Counts\n# CONCLUSION","[{\"question\":\"What claims do Students for Fair Admissions bring against Harvard under Title VI?\",\"answer\":\"Students for Fair Admissions alleges Harvard discriminates against Asian American applicants in undergraduate admissions in violation of Title VI, including claims related to intentional discrimination and the use of race in different ways.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of evidence does the document evaluate in the findings of fact?\",\"answer\":\"The findings include non-statistical evidence of discrimination (such as allegations of stereotyping and bias) and statistical analysis of admission rates and ratings by race, along with consideration of race-neutral alternatives.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the document address legal conclusions regarding Harvard’s use of race?\",\"answer\":\"The conclusions of law apply legal frameworks such as standing and strict scrutiny, assessing whether Harvard’s admission program’s consideration of race satisfies the required legal standards and whether race balancing or plus-factor use is permissible.\"}]","Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College - Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law | PDF",328]