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STRUCTURE,SIGN,AND PLAY IN THEDISCOURSE OF THE HUMAN SCIENCES\n\nJACQUES DERRIDA  \nPerhaps something has occurred in the history of the conceptof structure that could be called an ‘event',if this loaded worddid not entail a meaning which it is precisely the function ofstructural—or structuralist—thought to reduce or to suspect.Butlet me use the term ‘event'anyway,employing it with cautionand as if in quotation marks.In this sense,this event will havethe exterior form of a rupture and a redoubling.  \nIt would be easy enough to show that the concept of structureand even the word ‘structure'itself are as old as the epistèmè—that is to say,as old as western science and western philosophy—and that their roots thrust deep into the soil of ordinarylanguage,into whose deepest recesses the epistèmè plunges togather them together once more,making them part of itself in a.metaphorical displacement.Nevertheless,up until the eventwhich I wish to mark out and define,structure—or rather thestructurality of structure-although it has always been involved,has always been neutralized or reduced,and this by a process ofgiving it a center or referring it to a point of presence,a fixedorigin.The function of this center was not only to orient,balance,and organize the structure—one cannot in fact conceive of anunorganized structure—but above all to make sure that the orga-nizing principle of the structure would limit what we might caltthe freeplay of the structure.No doubt that by orienting andorganizing the coherence of the system,the center of a structurepermits the free-play of its elements insids.the total form.Andeven today the notion of a structure lacking any center representsthe unthinkable itself.  \nNevertheless,the center also closes off the freeplay it opensup and makes possible,Qua center,it is the point at which thesubstitution of contents,elements,or terms is no longer possible.At the center,the permutation or the transformation of elements(which may of course be structure enclosed within a structure)  \nis forbidden.At least this permutation has always remainedinterdicted(I use this word deliberately).Thus it has alwaysbeen thought that the center,which is by definition unique,constituted that very thing within a structure which governs thestructure,while escaping structurality.This is why classicalthought concerning structure could say that the center is,para-doxically,within the structure and outside it.The center is at thecenter of the totality and yet,since the center does not belong tothe totality(is not part of the totality)the totality has its centerelsewhere.The center is not the center.The concept of centeredstructure—although it represents coherence itself,the condition ofthe epistemè as philosophy or science—is contradictorily coherent.And,as always,coherence in contradiction expresses the force ofa desire.The concept of centered structure is in fact the conceptof a freeplay based on a fundamental ground,a freeplay whichis constituted upon a fundamental immobility and a reassuringcertitude,which is itself beyond the reach of the freeplay.Withsthis certitude anxiety can be mastered,for anxiety is invariablythe result of a certain mode of being implicated in the game,ofbeing caught by the game,of being as it were from the verybeginning at stake in the game.From the basis of what we there-fore call the center(and which,because it can be either insideor outside,is as readily called the origin as the end,as readilyarchè as telos),the repetitions,the substitutions,the transforma-tions,and the permutations are always taken from a history ofmeaning(sens)—that is,a history,period—whose origin mayalways be revealed or whose end may always be anticipated inthe form of presence.This is why one could perhaps say that themovement of any archeology,like that of any eschatology,is anaccomplice of this reduction of the structurality of structure andalways attempts to conceive of structure from the basis of a fullpresence which is out of play.","cbCaihyjiI10SwJg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihyjiI10SwJg","pdf",2622474,14,"English","# 结构与“事件”的提出\n## 中心如何限制自由游戏\n## 置换与转化被禁止\n## 断裂：重复与中心的失位\n## 形而上学的隐喻与在场的历史","[{\"question\":\"作者如何描述“结构”的核心问题？\",\"answer\":\"作者认为结构的意义长期依赖“中心”，中心既让结构得以被组织，又通过把结构指向某种在场来源来限制其自由游戏。\"},{\"question\":\"为什么“没有中心的结构”被认为是不可思议的？\",\"answer\":\"因为传统观念将中心视为结构所需的组织原则；若结构缺少中心，就会破坏其可理解性与可预设的秩序。\"},{\"question\":\"文中提到的“事件”与“断裂/重复”意味着什么？\",\"answer\":\"作者用“事件”指向一种具有外在断裂形式的转折，并强调这种断裂并非终结，而是在不同意义层面上的重复，迫使人们重新思考中心与在场的地位。\"}]","STRUCTURE, SIGN, AND PLAY IN THE DISCOURSE OF THE HUMAN SCIENCES - Jacques Derrida | PDF",22]