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\nBikul Das,  \nKaviKrishna Laboratory, India  \nREVIEWED BY  \nDr. Joyeeta Talukdar,  \nAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, India Lekhika Pathak,  \nKaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati, India  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nKai Qian  \n [qk1984@126.com](qk1984@126.com)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work  \nRECEIVED 17 August 2024  \nACCEPTED 29 November 2024  \nPUBLISHED 09 January 2025  \nCITATION  \nDeng Y, Dong ZX, Yang GH, Krimsky WS, Tai YH, Peng H, Huang GT, Xu JX, Sarkar SA, Peng J and Qian K (2025) Streptococcus intermedius promotes synchronous multiple primary lung cancer progression through apoptosis regulation.  \nFront. Immunol. 15:1482084 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1482084  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Deng, Dong, Yang, Krimsky, Tai, Peng, Huang, Xu, Sarkar, Peng and Qian. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nStreptococcus intermedius promotes synchronous multiple primary lung cancer progression through apoptosis regulation  \nYi Deng 1,2,3,4†, Zhi Xiang Dong 1,3†, Gao Hua Yang 5†, William S. Krimsky 6, Yong Hang Tai 7, Hao Peng 1,2,3,4, Gui Ting Huang 2,3,4, Jia Xin Xu 2,3,4, Saiyad A. Sarkar 8, Jun Peng 1,2,3,4 and Kai Qian 1,2,3,4*  \n1 Faculty of Life and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,  \n2The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China, 3 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan  \nProvince, Kunming, China, 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China, 5 Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital,  \nGothenburg, Sweden, 6Gala Therapeutics, San Carlos, CA, United States, 7School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China, 8 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medstar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, MA, United States  \nBackground: Dysbiosis of the lung microbiome can contribute to the initiation and progression of lung cancer. Synchronous multiple primary lung cancer (sMPLC) isan increasingly recognized subtype of lung cancer characterized by high morbidity, difficulties in early detection, poor prognosis, and substantial clinical challenges. However, the relationship between sMPLC pathogenesis and changes in the lung microbiome remains unclear.  \nMethods: In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on clinical samples to analyze lung microbiome composition. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to quantify bacterial abundance in lung tissues. In addition, flow cytometry was conducted to evaluate cell cycle progression and apoptosis in lung tumor cells.  \nResults: Clinical cohort studies demonstrated that sMPLC occurrence is associated with disturbances in the lung microbiome. Notably, Streptococcus intermedius was enriched in the lungs of sMPLC patients compared with non-tumor controls and accumulated preferentially in tumor tissues. S. intermedius shortened the cell cycle and inhibited apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Analyses of oral and gut microbiomes indifferent patient cohorts revealed a strong correlation between oral microbiome imbalances and lung microbiome composition in sMPLC patients.  \nConclusions: These findings characterize the lung microbiota in sMPLC and identify  \nS. intermedius as a potentially influential bacterial strain. This study provides signifi","cbCaihlyvZtBKItD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihlyvZtBKItD","pdf",1672459,"English","# Introduction\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What was the study’s main goal regarding sMPLC and the lung microbiome?\",\"answer\":\"To clarify how lung microbiome changes relate to the pathogenesis of synchronous multiple primary lung cancer (sMPLC).\"},{\"question\":\"How did the researchers analyze lung microbiome composition and bacterial abundance?\",\"answer\":\"They performed 16S rRNA sequencing on clinical samples and used real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify bacterial abundance in lung tissues.\"},{\"question\":\"What role did Streptococcus intermedius play in the findings?\",\"answer\":\"It was enriched in sMPLC patient lungs, accumulated preferentially in tumor tissues, shortened the cell cycle, and inhibited apoptosis in lung cancer cells.\"}]","Streptococcus intermedius promotes synchronous multiple primary lung cancer progression through apoptosis regulation - read online free | PDF",1790201069,25]