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Using a mixed-method design that combines the 5 Whys technique with the Analytic Network Process, it synthesizes findings from focus group discussions, expert interviews, and international benchmarking. 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Global Competitiveness  \nFarida Ayu Brilyanti  \nNational Development Planning Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia  \n*Correspondence author: farida. brilyanti@bappenas.go. id  \nAbstract  \nThe global competitiveness of Indonesian higher education institutions (HEIs) remains constrained compared to regional peers. This policy paper examines the root causes, strategic priorities, and actionable reforms needed to accelerate HEI internationalization in Indonesia. Employing a mixedmethod approach—combining the 5 Whys technique for qualitative root cause analysis and the Analytic Network Process (ANP) for policy prioritization—this study synthesizes evidence from national focus group discussions, expert interviews, and international benchmarking with Singapore, Malaysia, and China. Findings identify three critical barriers: the absence of an integrated national policy framework, restrictive and fragmented academic visa regulations, and insufficient structural incentives for international research collaboration. Among seven policy options, academic visa reform and mid-term funding for collaborative research emerged as the highest priorities. This study makes a novel contribution by integrating root cause diagnostics with quantitative policy prioritization, offering a structured fivestrategy roadmap aligned with Indonesia’s 2025–2045 development vision to strengthen regulatory, institutional, and fiscal foundations for sustainable higher education internationalization.  \nKeywords: Internationalization; higher education; policy reform; academic mobility; global competitiveness.  \n\n| ARTICLE INFO | THE JOURNAL OF INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE | Address: Jalan Proklamasi 70, |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Received: January 12, 2025 | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | Central Jakarta, Indonesia 10320 |\n| Received in revised form: April 13, | Published by Centre for Planners’ | Phone: +62 21 31928280/31928285 |\n| 2025 | Development, Education, and Training | Fax: +62 21 31928281 |\n\n1. Introduction  \nIn the era of globalization and competition in knowledge and innovation, the quality and global competitiveness of higher education have become crucial indicators of a nation’s capacity to advance its human capital and technological capabilities. International university rankings, such as the QS World University Rankings (QS WUR) and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings (THE WUR), are widely recognized as global benchmarks in assessing academic reputation, research performance, and international impact of higher education institutions.  \nDespite various initiatives, Indonesian universities continue to lag regional peers in both QS and THE rankings. In the 2025 QS WUR, Universitas Indonesia (UI) ranks 206th globally, followed by Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) at 263rd and Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) at 281st. In contrast, the National University of Singapore (NUS) ranks 8th globally, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) 26th, and Universiti Malaya (UM) in Malaysia 65th (QS, 2024) . According to THE WUR 2024, UI is placed in the 801– 1000 band, while NUS is ranked 19th and UM in the 351–400 range. These rankings highlight a persistent performance gap in higher education quality at both regional and global levels.  \nThe internationalization of higher education refers to the process of integrating international dimensions into teaching, research, and community service functions of higher education institutions. This process encompasses student and staff mobility, international research collaborations, curriculum development with a global perspective, and strategic partnerships between institutions across nations. Kapfudzaruwa (2024) emphasizes that internationalization is not merely an end goal but an evolving process that adapts to changing global and local contexts. Studies by de Wit (2019) highlight diverse motivations—idealism, instrumentalism, and educationalis","cbCairsx9emW2nbt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairsx9emW2nbt","pdf",565313,"English","# Introduction\n## Global competitiveness and ranking gaps\n## Concept and scope of higher education internationalization\n## Theoretical lens for global-local interactions\n# Policy problem and targeted reforms","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the policy paper address for Indonesian higher education?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses the constrained global competitiveness of Indonesian higher education institutions compared with regional peers, reflected in persistent ranking gaps.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study prioritize policy options for internationalization?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a mixed-method approach combining the 5 Whys technique for qualitative root cause analysis and the Analytic Network Process (ANP) for policy prioritization.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the top barriers identified for HEI internationalization in Indonesia?\",\"answer\":\"The paper identifies three critical barriers: lack of an integrated national policy framework, restrictive and fragmented academic visa regulations, and insufficient structural incentives for international research collaboration.\"}]","Strategy for Internationalizing Indonesian Higher Education Institutions to Enhance Global Competitiveness | PDF"]