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It explains why trains had to cross the river, how the railroad evaluated bridges versus tunnels, and what dangers tunnel building brought, including blowouts and cave-ins. The story further describes the pressure system, giant engines, boilers, and how stokers and sandhogs worked under extreme conditions to keep the project moving.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":10,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/story-novel/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/stokers-sandhogs-crossing-the-river-grade-6-collection/419791/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/stokers-sandhogs-crossing-the-river-grade-6-collection/419791.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why did trains traveling from Pennsylvania have to cross the Hudson River?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Penn Station and the route to Manhattan required traveling from Pennsylvania across New Jersey and then crossing the Hudson River.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What choice did the railroad company make for crossing the river in 1902?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"In 1902, the railroad company chose the greater challenge: building a tunnel under the Hudson River rather than a bridge.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How did workers prevent cave-ins during tunnel construction?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They increased air pressure in the tunnel using a giant engine and steam boilers so the diggers could work without the tunnel collapsing.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},419791,1791489201,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":8,"category_name":10,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962085570644,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Digitized by the Internet Archivein 2022 with funding fromKahle/Austin Foundation  \nhttps://archive.org/details/isbn_9780153139543  \nStokersSandhogs  \nby Pam Sears  \nCopyright ◎by Harcourt Brace &Company  \nAll ights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopy,recording.or any informaion storage and retrieval system,withoutpermission in writing from the publisher.  \nRequests for permission to makes copies of any part of the work should be mailed:Permissions Department,Harcourt Brace &Company,6277 Sea Harbor Drive,Orlando,FL 32887-6777.  \nHARCOURT BRACE and Qull Design is a registered trademark of Harcourt Brace &Company.  \nPrinted in the United States of America  \nISBN 0-15-313954-4  \n# Ordering Options\n\nISBN 0-15-314006-2(Grade 6 Collection)SBN 0-15-314161-1(package of 5)  \n234567891002603020100  \nPenn Station  \nPennsylvania Station,or Penn Station,is a railroadterminal in New York City.A terminal is the mainrailway station for a railroad company,usually at theend of the line.Passengers get on or off trains here.Freight is loaded or unloaded.Penn Station wasoriginally built almost one hundred years ago.It wasthe final stop for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company'strains.  \n1  \nCrossing the River  \nIf you study a map,you'llsee that part of New York City ison the island of Manhattan.Anytrain going there fromPennsylvania has to travelthrough New Jersey.Then itmust cross the Hudson River.  \nBefore Penn Station wasbuilt,steamships ferried trainpassengers across the river toNew York City.Loading thepassengers onto the ship tookextra time.The boat trip wasalso dangerous during  \nsnowstorms or heavy fogs.Therailroad company wanted aquicker,safer,more direct route.Should they build a bridge or atunnel?  \nBuilding a bridge wouldcost more money.But digging atunnel under the Hudson Rivercould be very dangerous.In 1902the railroad company chose thegreater challenge:building atunnel.  \n2  \nPENNSYLVANIA  \nHUDSONRVER  \nCONNECTICUTMANHATTANNEW YORK  \nNEWCITYLONG ISLANDJERSEYPHILADELPHIA  \n3  \nBlowouts and Cave-ins  \nIn 1880 another company had tried to dig a tunnelunder the river.They dug their own graves instead.  \nOne day there was a \"blowout.\"A blowout happens whendiggers hit a soft spot.This is a pocket that traps water inthe mud beneath the riverbed.The water comes gushingthrough the hole in the tunnel wall.That day there wastoo little time for escape.Twenty men working inthe tunnel drowned.  \nCave-ins were another problem thetunnel workers had to face.On the NewYork side,the ground is made of asoft rock that easily caves in.Onthe New Jersey side of the river,however,the ground is a hardrock called basalt.There thediggers had to blast their waythrough with dynamite  \n4  \n5  \nWorking Under Pressure  \nIn order to prevent cave-ins,the air pressure in the tunnel hadto be increased.To do this,  \na giant engine was set up aboveground.It pumped air into thetunnel.Steam boilers poweredthe engine.Men called “stokers”frantically shoveled coal into thegiant boilers.Stokers had to bestrong and quick.They had to keepthe steam power going so thatthe engine would work.  \nIf the stokers got distracted,the boilers wouldn't get enoughcoal to burn.The steam woulddie down.The enginewould stop pumping airinto the tunnel.Withoutenough air pressure,thetunnel would cave in.Then the diggers—called\"sandhogs\"—wouldcollapse without enoughoxygen to breathe.","cbCaijnHgUNokaYy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijnHgUNokaYy","pdf",1836012,16,"English","# Ordering Options\n# Penn Station\n## Crossing the River\n## Blowouts and Cave-ins\n# Working Under Pressure","[{\"question\":\"Why did trains traveling from Pennsylvania have to cross the Hudson River?\",\"answer\":\"Penn Station and the route to Manhattan required traveling from Pennsylvania across New Jersey and then crossing the Hudson River.\"},{\"question\":\"What choice did the railroad company make for crossing the river in 1902?\",\"answer\":\"In 1902, the railroad company chose the greater challenge: building a tunnel under the Hudson River rather than a bridge.\"},{\"question\":\"How did workers prevent cave-ins during tunnel construction?\",\"answer\":\"They increased air pressure in the tunnel using a giant engine and steam boilers so the diggers could work without the tunnel collapsing.\"}]","Stokers Sandhogs - Crossing the River - Grade 6 Collection | PDF",1790618338,25]