[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-602796-105":59,"doc-detail-602796-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","statistics-course-improvement-for-school-administrator-preparation","Statistics Course Improvement for School Administrator Preparation","","Educational statistics courses for school administrator preparation face growing pressure from rising program demands and rapid advances in computer technology, requiring updates to curriculum content and computing platforms. The article reviews intended curriculum expectations based on state and national guidelines, evaluates past instructional recommendations, and argues for quantitative research skill development. It further examines the American Statistical Association’s revision of statistics content and concludes with how R-based software development may reshape future data processing, text analytics, and graphical reporting for administrators.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/statistics-course-improvement-for-school-administrator-preparation/602796/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/statistics-course-improvement-for-school-administrator-preparation/602796.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dabgoudw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-18","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are statistics courses under increasing pressure for school administrator preparation?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article links the pressure to escalating demands for administrator preparation and to rapid development in computer technology, which forces changes in both curriculum content and computing platforms.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the intended curriculum in this context?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Intended curriculum is described as a set of formal documents specifying what national education authorities and society expect, used here to frame training outcomes for administrators.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do CalAPA and national guidelines shape statistical training?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"CalAPA’s Leadership Cycle emphasizes analyzing data to inform school improvement and promote equity, while national guidance highlights experimenting with real-world data and developing basic statistics skills for day-to-day operations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602796,1792364236,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},3985747860484,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Statistics Course Improvement for School Administrator Preparation  \nJianjun Wang  \nCalifornia State University, Bakersfield  \nAccompanied by increasing demands on school administrator preparation and rapid development of computer technology, educational statistics courses are exposed to unprecedented pressures for changing both curriculum content and computing platforms. In this article, the intended curriculum is reviewed according to data analysis expectations from state and national guidelines. Past recommendations on statistics instruction are examined to justify the need for quantitative research skills in school administrator preparation. The curriculum implementation is further investigated to reflect a fundamental revision of statistics content by the American Statistical Association. The article ends with an overview of the cutting-edge software development in R that is likely to reshape the future data processing, text analytics, and graphical display for school administrators.  \nKeywords: statistics curriculum, R computing, data analysis, text analytics  \nSchool administrators typically start their careers in teaching before completing a master’s or doctoral degree in educational administration. During the process, Polnick and Edmonson (2005) asserted,“statistics courses as they are usually taught in graduate schools of education are not designed for the school principal”(p. 40) . Thus, an important question has been raised of the need for statistical training to prepare educational administrators. The debate on the value of statistical courses is further extended to the traditional rivalry of quantitative and qualitative studies because some stakeholders prefer to read success stories over numeric findings in administrative reports (Hiller, DeChurch, Murase, & Doty, 2011) .  \nNonetheless, it is important to recognize that no subject, including statistical knowledge, remains stagnant. Prior to entering the 21st century, researchers already projected that “public agencies will need administrators who have sound backgrounds in quantitative data analysis and in computer usage”(Hy, Waugh, & Nelson, 1987, p. 139) .  \nThe Intended Curriculum of Statistical Training  \nAccording to the International Bureau of Education (2019), intended curriculum is indicated by a set of “formal documents which specify what the relevant national education authorities and society expect”(p. 1) . In California, the Commission on Teacher Credentialing has developed the California Administrator Performance Assessment (CalAPA) to measure students’ mastery of California Administrator Performance Expectations. With the credential requirements, educational administration programs are designed, in part, to help students pass CalAPA. The course setting, under the CalAPA model, provides an overarching conceptual framework to progressively refine the administrative candidate’s thinking and decision-making skills.  \nAt the beginning step, Leadership Cycle 1 of CalAPA calls for “Analyzing Data to Inform School Improvement and Promote Equity”(California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, 2019, p. 1) . While school improvement is often contrasted to a baseline from the past, promoting equity may span across different demographic and school variables. Hence, systematic training is needed to investigate education factors from multilevel data in both time and space dimensions.  \nBeyond the state level, the National Policy Board of Educational Administration (NBPEA) insists that principals should be taught processes for experimenting and learning from real world data to meet challenges of the work environment. More explicitly, Polnick and Edmonson (2005) observed that “An essential expectation elaborated in the NPBEA training guidelines was the need for practicing principals to develop basic statistics and data analysis skills that will assist them in their day-to-day operations of the school”(p. 40) .  \nWhile CalAPA and NPBEA addressed the expectation of e","cbCaiaqxH6PqZZjw","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaqxH6PqZZjw","pdf",180490,"English","# Statistics Course Improvement for School Administrator Preparation\n## The Intended Curriculum of Statistical Training\n## Leadership Cycle 1 and State-Level Expectations\n## National Policy Board Expectations and Local Data Use\n## Data Gathering, Confounding Variables, and Administrative Decisions\n## Beyond Data Analysis: Literature Review and Meta-Analysis","[{\"question\":\"Why are statistics courses under increasing pressure for school administrator preparation?\",\"answer\":\"The article links the pressure to escalating demands for administrator preparation and to rapid development in computer technology, which forces changes in both curriculum content and computing platforms.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the intended curriculum in this context?\",\"answer\":\"Intended curriculum is described as a set of formal documents specifying what national education authorities and society expect, used here to frame training outcomes for administrators.\"},{\"question\":\"How do CalAPA and national guidelines shape statistical training?\",\"answer\":\"CalAPA’s Leadership Cycle emphasizes analyzing data to inform school improvement and promote equity, while national guidance highlights experimenting with real-world data and developing basic statistics skills for day-to-day operations.\"}]","Statistics Course Improvement for School Administrator Preparation | PDF",1792095246,25]