[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-490183-105":59,"doc-detail-490183-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","statistical-vocabulary-definitions-measures-of-central-tendency-observational-studies-vs-experiments","Statistical Vocabulary - Definitions - Measures of Central Tendency - Observational Studies vs Experiments","","Statistical Vocabulary #1 provides clear definitions and applications for core descriptive statistics and study types. It distinguishes a population from a sample, and explains parameter versus statistic as numerical summaries of data characteristics. The material contrasts observational studies with experiments, using practical scenarios to classify each design. It then introduces measures of central tendency—mean, median, and mode—defining each concept, key notation, and how to compute them. The document also addresses outliers, showing how extreme values influence results and how to recalculate the mean.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/statistical-vocabulary-definitions-measures-of-central-tendency-observational-studies-vs-experiments/490183/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/statistical-vocabulary-definitions-measures-of-central-tendency-observational-studies-vs-experiments/490183.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"iuabcfuw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-01",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the difference between a population and a sample?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"A population is the complete collection of elements to be studied. A sample is a sub-collection of elements drawn from the population.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do observational studies differ from experiments?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"In an observational study, specific characteristics are observed and measured without manipulating subjects. In an experiment, a treatment is applied and then the effects on subjects are observed.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do mean, median, and mode compare as measures of central tendency?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The mean always exists and uses every score and is affected by extreme scores. The median always exists, does not use every score, and is not affected by extremes. The mode may not exist or may be more than one and is not affected by extremes in the same way as mean.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},490183,1790985988,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},3985747874027,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Statistical Vocabulary \\#1  \nDefinitions  \n􀁸 A population is the complete collection of all elements (scores, people, measurements, and so on) tobe studied.  \n􀁸 A sample is a sub-collection of elements drawn from the population.  \n􀁸 A parameter is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.  \n􀁸 A statistic is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.  \n􀁸 In an observational study, we observe and measure specific characteristics, but we don’t attempt to manipulate or modify the subjects being studied.  \n􀁸 In an experiment, we apply some treatment and then proceed to observe its effects on the subjects.  \nDetermine whether each of the following is an observational study or an experiment.  \n1. Different brands of cigarettes are measured for tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide    \n2. People who smoke are asked to halve the number of cigarettes consumed each day so that any effect on pulse rate can be measured.    \n3. In a PE class, the effect of exercise on blood pressure is studied by requiring that half of the students walk a mile each day while the other students run a mile each day.    \n4. The relationship between weights of bears and their lengths is studied by measuring bears that have been anesthetized.    \nMeasures of Central Tendency  \n􀁸 A measure of central tendency is a value at the center or middle of a data set.  \n\n| Mean |\n| --- |\n| 􀂾 The arithmetic mean of a set of scores is the value obtained by adding the scores and dividing the total by the number of scores.\u003Cbr>􀂾 Referred to as “mean”\u003Cbr>􀂾 􀝔̅ = ∑􀯡􀯫\u003Cbr>􀂃 Pronounced “x-bar”\u003Cbr>􀂃 the mean of all values in a sample\u003Cbr>􀂃 : represents the total or summation of the scores\u003Cbr>􀂃 􀝔: is the variable used to represent the individual data values\u003Cbr>􀂃 􀝊: represents the number of values in a sample\u003Cbr>􀂾 􀟤 = ∑􀯇􀯫\u003Cbr>􀂃 the mean of all values in a population\u003Cbr>􀂃 􀜰: represents the number of values in a population |\n\nExample:  \nA. Listed below are the times (in years) that the first ten presidents survived after inauguration. Find the mean for this sample.  \n10 29 26 28 15 23 17 25 0 20  \n\n| Median |\n| --- |\n| 􀂾 The median of a set of scores is the middle value when the scores are arranged in order of increasing (or decreasing) magnitude.\u003Cbr>􀂾 􀝔̃\u003Cbr>􀂃 Pronounced “x-tilde”\u003Cbr>􀂾 To find the median:\u003Cbr>􀂃 Arrange the scores in order (increasing or decreasing)\u003Cbr>􀂃 If the number of scores is odd, the median if the number that is located in the exact middle of the list.\u003Cbr>􀂃 If the number of scores is even, the median is found by computing the mean of the two middle numbers. |\n\nExample:  \na. The following values are the incomes (in thousands of dollars) that performers received for one rock concert. Find the median.  \n500 60 80 50000 1000 400  \n\n| Mode |\n| --- |\n| 􀂾 The mode of a data set is the score that occurs most frequently.\u003Cbr>􀂾 􀜯\u003Cbr>􀂃 Represents mode\u003Cbr>􀂾 When two scores occur with the same greatest frequency, each one is a mode and the data set is bimodal.\u003Cbr>􀂾 When more than two scores occur with the same greatest frequency, each is a mode and the data set is said to be multimodal.\u003Cbr>􀂾 When no score is repeated, we say that there is no mode.\u003Cbr>􀂾 To find the mode:\u003Cbr>􀂃 Arrange the scores in order (increasing or decreasing)\u003Cbr>􀂃 Determine which score(s) has the greatest frequency |\n\nExample:  \nb. Find the mode(s) of each data set.  \n1. 5 5 5 3 1 5 1 4 3 5  \n2. 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 9  \n3. 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10  \nThe Best Measure of Central Tendency  \n\n| Comparison of Mean, Median, and Mode |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Average | Definition | How\u003Cbr>Common? | Existence | Takes\u003Cbr>Every Score\u003Cbr>into\u003Cbr>Account? | Affected by\u003Cbr>Extreme\u003Cbr>Scores? | Advantagesand Disadvantages |\n| Mean | 􀝔̅ = 􀝔 | Most familiar\u003Cbr>“average” | Always\u003Cbr>exists | Yes | Yes |  |\n| Median | 􀝔̃ | Commonly\u003Cbr>used | Always\u003Cbr>exists | No | No |  |\n| Mode | 􀜯 | Sometimes\u003Cbr>used | May not\u003Cbr>exist or may\u003Cbr>be more\u003Cbr>tha","cbCaibOjaFJIMcwN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibOjaFJIMcwN","pdf",426490,"English","# Statistical Vocabulary #1\n## Definitions\n## Observational Studies vs Experiments\n## Measures of Central Tendency\n## Mean\n## Median\n## Mode\n## The Best Measure of Central Tendency\n## Practice\n## Outlier and Its Effect","[{\"question\":\"What is the difference between a population and a sample?\",\"answer\":\"A population is the complete collection of elements to be studied. A sample is a sub-collection of elements drawn from the population.\"},{\"question\":\"How do observational studies differ from experiments?\",\"answer\":\"In an observational study, specific characteristics are observed and measured without manipulating subjects. In an experiment, a treatment is applied and then the effects on subjects are observed.\"},{\"question\":\"How do mean, median, and mode compare as measures of central tendency?\",\"answer\":\"The mean always exists and uses every score and is affected by extreme scores. The median always exists, does not use every score, and is not affected by extremes. The mode may not exist or may be more than one and is not affected by extremes in the same way as mean.\"}]","Statistical Vocabulary - Definitions - Measures of Central Tendency - Observational Studies vs Experiments | PDF",1790833881,13]