[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-368212-105":59,"doc-detail-368212-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","statins-as-secondary-preventive-agent-to-limit-breast-cancer-metastatic-outgrowth","Statins as Secondary Preventive Agent to Limit Breast Cancer Metastatic Outgrowth","","Metastasis causes most deaths in breast cancer because disseminated tumors are frequently aggressive and resistant to standard therapies. After spreading to distant organs, cancer cells can enter a dormant state for prolonged periods, during which they evade immune surveillance and pharmacological pressure. Statins, established HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors used to reduce cardiovascular risk, have emerging anticancer relevance. Evidence links statins with reduced breast cancer-specific mortality, while primary tumor incidence appears unchanged. This review summarizes their effects on metastatic progression and dormancy, including cytocidal and cytostatic actions and interactions within the tumor microenvironment, while noting that the mechanisms remain incompletely defined.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/statins-as-secondary-preventive-agent-to-limit-breast-cancer-metastatic-outgrowth/368212/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/statins-as-secondary-preventive-agent-to-limit-breast-cancer-metastatic-outgrowth/368212.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ivy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is metastatic breast cancer difficult to treat?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Metastatic disease often behaves aggressively and resists conventional therapies, leading to poor long-term outcomes.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What role does dormancy play in breast cancer metastasis?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Disseminated cancer cells can remain dormant in distant organs for years to decades, during which they avoid immune and drug responses before reactivating.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How might statins contribute to limiting breast cancer progression?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and have shown potential anticancer effects, with epidemiological data suggesting reduced breast cancer-specific mortality. The detailed mechanisms by which mortality improves without changing primary tumor growth remain unclear.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},368212,1790318426,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},549758252649,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819","Review  \nStatins as Secondary Preventive Agent to Limit Breast Cancer Metastatic Outgrowth  \nNeha Atale 1 and Alan Wells 1,2,3, *  \nAcademic Editor: Hideki Furuya  \nReceived: 22 December 2024  \nRevised: 27 January 2025  \nAccepted: 31 January 2025  \nPublished: 3 February 2025  \nCitation: Atale, N.; Wells, A. Statins as Secondary Preventive Agent to Limit Breast Cancer Metastatic Outgrowth. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 1300. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms26031300  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; [nea48@pitt.edu](nea48@pitt.edu)  \n2 Research and Development Service, Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA  \n3 Cell Biology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA  \n* [Correspondence: wellsa@upmc.edu](Correspondence: wellsa@upmc.edu)  \nAbstract: Metastasis is a leading cause of mortality in breast cancer, as metastatic disease is often aggressive and resistant to conventional treatments. Cancer cells that spread to distant organs can enter a dormant phase for extended periods, sometimes years or decades. During this dormant phase, cancer cells avoid immune and pharmacological response. Thus, new approaches are needed to prevent these disseminated cells from becoming lethal cancers. Statins are known inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase that have been extensively used in patients with cardiovascular diseases to lower cholesterol. However, recent research has demonstrated their potential in anticancer therapies. Epidemiological evidence suggests that statins are associated with a reduction in breast cancer-specific mortality, although they do not appear to affect the incidence of primary tumors. In this review, we discuss the role of statins in metastasis and dormancy, their cytocidal and cytostatic effects and their interactions with different cell types in the tumor microenvironment. The exact mechanisms by which statins reduce mortality without influencing primary tumor growth remain unclear, also warranting further investigation into their potential role in metastasis and tumor dormancy, which could ultimately help patients to improve survival and quality of life.  \nKeywords: anticancer agent; breast cancer; chemotherapy; emergence; extra cellular matrix; immunotherapy; metastatic dormancy; statin; tumor microenvironment  \n1. Introduction  \nBreast Cancer Metastasis and Dormancy  \nBreast cancer is the leading cancer diagnosis among women in the United States, comprising almost 30% of all new cancer cases in women each year. Even with newer targeted and immune therapies, the 5-year survival rate for metastatic breast cancer is only approximately 30%, reflecting the challenges in treating advanced stages of the disease [1] . The American Cancer Society estimates 310,720 new cases of breast cancer to be diagnosed, and about 42,250 deaths are projected in 2024 alone [2,3] . Primary breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple subtypes, each exhibiting distinct biological behaviors, treatment responses, and prognosis. The most common types include hormone receptorpositive (HR+, estrogen and progesterone receptors), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2-positive), and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), necessitating tailored therapeutic approaches. HR-positive patients, while predominantly cured by local excision and hormonal suppression, still report recurrences in up to 30% with these usually occurring 5 or more years later, with the risk lasting decades [4,5]","cbCaihPYFPauEyLP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihPYFPauEyLP","pdf",1535772,22,"English","# Introduction\n## Breast Cancer Metastasis and Dormancy","[{\"question\":\"Why is metastatic breast cancer difficult to treat?\",\"answer\":\"Metastatic disease often behaves aggressively and resists conventional therapies, leading to poor long-term outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does dormancy play in breast cancer metastasis?\",\"answer\":\"Disseminated cancer cells can remain dormant in distant organs for years to decades, during which they avoid immune and drug responses before reactivating.\"},{\"question\":\"How might statins contribute to limiting breast cancer progression?\",\"answer\":\"Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and have shown potential anticancer effects, with epidemiological data suggesting reduced breast cancer-specific mortality. The detailed mechanisms by which mortality improves without changing primary tumor growth remain unclear.\"}]","Statins as Secondary Preventive Agent to Limit Breast Cancer Metastatic Outgrowth | PDF",1790175661,55]