[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-128525-en":3,"doc-seo-128525-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},128525,687207020761,"Patrick","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","State of the art review on machine learning and artificial intelligence in the study of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a major gastrointestinal emergency in preterm infants, with challenging diagnosis and limited, non-targeted treatment options despite decades of research. This state-of-the-art review examines how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been applied over roughly the last 30 years in NEC, including predicting diagnosis and prognosis, discovering biomarkers, and evaluating treatment strategies. The review also summarizes current literature and highlights limitations that constrain clinical translation.","UC Davis  \nUC Davis Previously Published Works  \nTitle  \nState of the art review on machine learning and artificial intelligence in the study of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis  \nPermalink  \n[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0vk5b5gj](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0vk5b5gj)  \nJournal  \nFrontiers in Pediatrics, 11  \nISSN  \n2296-2360  \nAuthors  \nMcElroy, Steven J  \nLueschow, Shiloh R  \nPublication Date  \n2023  \nDOI  \n10.3389/fped.2023.1182597  \nCopyright Information  \nThis work is made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License, available at [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)  \nPeer reviewed  \n[eScholarship.org](eScholarship.org) Powered by the California Digital Library  \nUniversity of California  \nTYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 26 May 2023  \nDOI 10.3389/fped.2023.1182597  \nEDITED BY  \nMinesh Khashu,  \nUniversity Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom  \nREVIEWED BY  \nJoanna Seliga-Siwecka,  \nMedical University of Warsaw, Poland Daniel Vijlbrief,  \nUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands *CORRESPONDENCE  \nShiloh R. Lueschow  \n [shiloh-lueschow@uiowa.edu](shiloh-lueschow@uiowa.edu)  \nRECEIVED 09 March 2023  \nACCEPTED 25 April 2023  \nPUBLISHED 26 May 2023  \nCITATION  \nMcElroy SJ and Lueschow SR (2023) State of the art review on machine learning and artificial intelligence in the study of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.  \nFront. Pediatr. 11:1182597 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1182597  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2023 McElroy and Lueschow. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nState of the art review on machine learning and artificial intelligence in the study of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis  \nSteven J. McElroy1 and Shiloh R. Lueschow2*  \n1Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States, 2Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States  \nNecrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal emergency in preterm infants. Although NEC was formally described in the 1960’s, there is still difficulty in diagnosis and ultimately treatment for NEC due in part to the multifactorial nature of the disease. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques have been applied by healthcare researchers over the past 30 years to better understand various diseases. Specifically, NEC researchers have used AI and ML to predict NEC diagnosis, NEC prognosis, discover biomarkers, and evaluate treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss AI and ML techniques, the current literature that has applied AI and ML to NEC, and some of the limitations in the field.  \nKEYWORDS  \nmachine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), biomarker discovery, disease modeling  \n1. Introduction  \nNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating, inflammatory disorder, which impacts mainly preterm infants and remains one of the most common gastrointestinal emergencies in the preterm infant population (1–6) . In the United States alone, it is estimated that up to 9% of infants weighing less than 1,500 g at birth will develop NEC (7) . The mortality rate from NEC is significant and has been reported up to 30%–50% depending on disease severity (1–6) . Treatment strategies have remained limited, non-targeted, and have not changed significantly in decades (8) . Although NEC was formally described in 1965 by Mizrahi et al., the specific causes have yet to be fully elucidated (1–6) . To help clinicians with NEC diagnosis, Bell et","cbCaib6s2yJX87J0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaib6s2yJX87J0","pdf",2114658,2,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Clinical context and staging systems\n## Definitions, biomarkers, and diagnostic challenges\n# Applications of AI and ML in NEC\n## Prediction of diagnosis and prognosis\n## Biomarker discovery\n## Disease modeling and treatment evaluation\n# Limitations and future directions","[{\"question\":\"Why is NEC difficult to diagnose and treat in preterm infants?\",\"answer\":\"NEC has multifactorial causes and remains incompletely understood, and there is no universal definition, leading to inconsistencies in diagnosis. Treatment strategies have also stayed limited and non-targeted for decades.\"},{\"question\":\"What uses of AI and machine learning are discussed for NEC?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers AI/ML approaches for predicting NEC diagnosis and prognosis, discovering biomarkers, and evaluating treatment strategies.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the key limitations in current NEC biomarker research?\",\"answer\":\"Even with extensive research focus, discovered biomarkers have been insufficient, partly because NEC’s multifaceted nature makes biomarker discovery difficult.\"}]","State of the art review on machine learning and artificial intelligence in the study of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis | PDF",1786001547,28,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"state-of-the-art-review-on-machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence-in-the-study-of-neonatal-necrotizing-enterocolitis","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,48,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/state-of-the-art-review-on-machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence-in-the-study-of-neonatal-necrotizing-enterocolitis/128525/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-24","2026-08-06",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"Why is NEC difficult to diagnose and treat in preterm infants?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"NEC has multifactorial causes and remains incompletely understood, and there is no universal definition, leading to inconsistencies in diagnosis. Treatment strategies have also stayed limited and non-targeted for decades.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What uses of AI and machine learning are discussed for NEC?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"The review covers AI/ML approaches for predicting NEC diagnosis and prognosis, discovering biomarkers, and evaluating treatment strategies.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What are the key limitations in current NEC biomarker research?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Even with extensive research focus, discovered biomarkers have been insufficient, partly because NEC’s multifaceted nature makes biomarker discovery difficult.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]