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During recessionary periods—accelerated by the COVID-19 economic shock—higher education can face disproportionate or unprecedented funding reductions, potentially worsening inequities for racially minoritized and low-income students and historically underfunded institutions. The study documents long-run funding trends and uses latent profile analysis to identify distinct state approaches, then analyzes within-approach trajectories during prior recessions to assess equity implications in light of early pandemic responses.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/state-higher-education-funding-during-covid-19-lessons-from-prior-recessions-and-implications-for-equity/590166/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/state-higher-education-funding-during-covid-19-lessons-from-prior-recessions-and-implications-for-equity/590166.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How do states typically support higher education funding?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"States provide appropriations to public colleges and universities to subsidize instructional costs and keep tuition lower, along with smaller shares of funds delivered to students through need- or merit-based financial aid.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why might COVID-19 affect higher education funding differently from prior downturns?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The pandemic created revenue shortfalls and led some states to make midyear budget cuts that were not restored, and the document notes that federal stimulus is unlikely to fully offset higher-education losses.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What methods does the study use to analyze state funding approaches?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study documents trends over time and applies latent profile analysis to identify distinct approaches states take to higher-education funding, then examines trajectories within each approach, especially during prior recessions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590166,1792165521,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2022, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1–19 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584221091277  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2022. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nState Higher Education Funding During COVID-19: Lessons From Prior Recessions and Implications for Equity  \nKelly Rosinger  \nPennsylvania State University  \nRobert Kelchen  \nUniversity of Tennessee, Knoxville  \nDominique J. Baker  \nSouthern Methodist University  \nJustin Ortagus  \nUniversity of Florida  \nMitchell D. Lingo  \nPennsylvania State University  \nStates provide substantial support for higher education through appropriations to public colleges and universities that can be used to maintain relatively low tuition levels and funds for financial aid. Higher education often receives disproportionate cuts during recessionary periods, and it faces potentially unprecedented reductions in coming years amid a pandemic that has left some states with revenue shortfalls. How states approach higher education cuts has the potential to exacerbate existing inequities among racially minoritized and low-income students and historically underfunded institution types. In this study, we document trends in higher education funding over time and use latent profile analysis to identify distinct approaches states have taken to higher education funding. We then examine the trajectories of higher education funding within each approach over time, particularly during prior recessions. We conclude by discussing the implications of each approach for equity, particularly in light of states’ early responses to the current economic downturn.  \nKeywords: COVID-19, state policy, higher education, state funding, financial aid, equity  \nIn 2019, states spent $92 billion in funding for higher education (Laderman & Weeden, 2020) . Most state funds are provided as appropriations to public higher education institutions to subsidize instructional costs and help maintain relatively low tuition levels. A smaller share of state funds is provided to students in the form of financial aid based on need and/or merit to reduce the price of college. Research indicates state funding for public institutions and financial aid can support college access and degree completion (Anderson & Zaber, 2021; Bettinger et al., 2019; Cummings et al., 2021; Deming & Walters, 2017; Dynarski, 2004, 2008; Titus, 2006; Toutkoushian & Hillman, 2012) .  \nThe economic shock associated with the pandemic is likely to impact state funding for higher education in  \nunprecedented ways. Early in the pandemic, several states made midyear budget cuts to their public higher education systems that were not restored (Open Campus, 2020) . State general fund revenue was 2.8% below prepandemic projections for 2020 and 2021, with 40 states seeing revenue falling below initial expectations (National Association of State Budget Officers, 2021) . While the federal government has passed stimulus packages in response to the economic crisis, higher education funds will not offset losses (DouglasGabriel, 2020; National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, 2020; State Higher Education Executive Officers Association [SHEEO], 2020b) .  \nThe full impact of the COVID-19 economic shock is still unknown, but researchers can examine how states have  \nCreative Commons CC BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License  \n([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further  \npermission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ([https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)).  \nRosinger et al.  \nresponded to prior recess","cbCaifBkuXlKYHlX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifBkuXlKYHlX","pdf",1420127,"English","# State Higher Education Funding During COVID-19\n## Funding patterns, recessions, and equity risks\n## Research approach and latent profile analysis\n## Implications for equity and early pandemic responses","[{\"question\":\"How do states typically support higher education funding?\",\"answer\":\"States provide appropriations to public colleges and universities to subsidize instructional costs and keep tuition lower, along with smaller shares of funds delivered to students through need- or merit-based financial aid.\"},{\"question\":\"Why might COVID-19 affect higher education funding differently from prior downturns?\",\"answer\":\"The pandemic created revenue shortfalls and led some states to make midyear budget cuts that were not restored, and the document notes that federal stimulus is unlikely to fully offset higher-education losses.\"},{\"question\":\"What methods does the study use to analyze state funding approaches?\",\"answer\":\"The study documents trends over time and applies latent profile analysis to identify distinct approaches states take to higher-education funding, then examines trajectories within each approach, especially during prior recessions.\"}]","State Higher Education Funding During COVID-19 - Lessons From Prior Recessions and Implications for Equity | PDF",1792068964,48]