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It examines gender effects on youth labour market conditions, including NEET status, personal characteristics, and the fragility of employment conditions, and explores determinants linked to individual and family factors. It also evaluates school-to-work transitions, the impact of temporary jobs, and consequences for social protection, independent living, and starting a family, concluding with policy approaches and gender-relevant recommendations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/starting-fragile-gender-differences-in-the-youth-labour-market-final-report-april-2013/232753/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/starting-fragile-gender-differences-in-the-youth-labour-market-final-report-april-2013/232753.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aditya","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-09-10",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What does the report examine about young people in Europe?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It analyses how the crisis-related “fragile start” affects young people’s labour market careers and their personal lives, including the persistence of disadvantages over time.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How are gender differences addressed in youth labour market conditions?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The study focuses on gender effects on NEET status and employment fragility, and evaluates determinants tied to individual and family characteristics.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which school-to-work transition issues are covered?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The report studies how temporary jobs influence early career development, reviews transition evidence across Europe, and assesses transition profiles and outcomes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},232753,1789073485,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962085564549,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","in the Youth Labour Market  \nJustice  \nThis report was nanced by and prepared for the use of the European Commission, Directo-rate-General for Justice; Unit D2 ‘Equality between men and women’, in the framework of a contract managed by Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini (FGB) in partnership with Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale (IRS) . It does not necessarily reect the opinion or position of the European Commission or of the Directorate-General for Justice, nor is any person acting on their behalf responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publicatni.o  \nFGB-Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini  \nVia Barberini 50  \n00187 Rome Italy  \nTel +39 0644249625 Fax +39 06 44249565 [www.fondazionebrodolini.it](www.fondazionebrodolini.it)  \nIRS-Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale  \nVia XX Settembre 24 20123 Milano Italy  \nTel. +39 2467641 [www.irs-online.it](www.irs-online.it)  \nto your questions about the European Union.  \nFreephone number (*):  \n00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11  \n(*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed.  \nEuropean Commission – Directorate-General for Justice  \nMore information on the European Union is available on the Internet ([http://europa.eu](http://europa.eu)). Cataloguing data can befoundat theend of this publication.   \nISBN 978-92-79-34479-4 doi:10.2838/84226 © European Union, 2013  \nReproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.  \nPrinted in Belgium  \nStarting Fragile  \nGender Differences In The Youth Labour Market  \nFinal report April 2013  \nPrepared by  \nJanneke Plantenga, Chantal Remery and Manuela Samek Lodovici  \nEuropean Network of Experts on Gender Equality – ENEGE  \nNational experts’ reports:  \n\n| Alena Křížková | Czech Republic |\n| --- | --- |\n| Ruth Emerek & Stine Thidemann Faber | Denmark |\n| Rachel Silvera | France |\n| Andrea-Hilla Carl | Germany |\n| Chiara Crepaldi & Flavia Pesce | Italy |\n| Olga Rastrigina | Latvia |\n| Janneke Plantenga & Chantal Remery | The Netherlands |\n| Magdalena Piscová | The Slovak Republic |\n| Elvira González Gago | Spain |\n| Colette Fagan & Helen Norman | United Kingdom |\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  \nThe authors wish to express their gratitude to Chiara Crepaldi, Lisa Dumhs, Federica Origo, Monica Patrizio, Flavia Pesce, Sara Pinoli and Nicoletta Torchio who collaborated in the drafting of the present report.  \nContents  \nExecutive summary 5  \nIntroduction 29  \n1. Starting fragile: gender differences in youth labour market conditions  \nin the EU Member States 33  \nIntroduction 33  \n1.1 Gender effects of the crisis and youth labour market conditions in 2011: an overview 33  \n1.1.1 Gender differences in NEET status and personal characteristics 38  \n1.1.2 The fragility of employment conditions 48  \n1.2 Determinants of gender differences in youth labour market conditions:  \nthe effect of individual and family characteristics 57  \n1.2.1 Theory background 57  \n1.3 Conclusions 64  \n2. Starting fragile: gender differences in school-to-work transitions in Europe 65  \nIntroduction 65  \n2.1 The effect of temporary jobs on early career development: Stepping stone or dead end? 66  \n2.2 Transitions in Europe: empirical evidence 68  \n2.2.1 Transition to the first job: a description 69  \n2.2.2 Transition profiles 75  \n2.2.3 The effect of the first step on the current (2009) position: multivariate analyses 81  \n2.3 Conclusions 84  \n3. Starting fragile: impact on personal life 87  \nIntroduction 87  \n3.1 Social protection 87  \n3.2 Living independently 90  \n3.3 Starting a family 95  \n3.4 Conclusions 97  \n4. Starting fragile: policy approaches 99  \n4.1 Introduction and theory background 99  \n4.2 Policy approaches and gender gaps in the youth labour market: a quantitative analysis 101  \n4.2.1 Results of the cluster analysis 102  \n4.2.2 Results of the correlation analysis 108  \n4.2.3 Youth labour market and institutions in times of crisis 110  \n4.3 Policies supporting the employment of young people: a gender perspe","cbCaiiBgP7O2coo0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiBgP7O2coo0","pdf",1829542,180,"English","# Executive summary\n# Introduction\n# 1. Starting fragile: gender differences in youth labour market conditions in the EU Member States\n## 1.1 Gender effects of the crisis and youth labour market conditions in 2011\n## 1.2 Determinants of gender differences\n# 2. Starting fragile: gender differences in school-to-work transitions in Europe\n## 2.1 The effect of temporary jobs on early career development\n## 2.3 Conclusions\n# 3. Starting fragile: impact on personal life\n## 3.1 Social protection\n## 3.4 Conclusions\n# 4. Starting fragile: policy approaches\n## 4.2 Policy approaches and gender gaps in the youth labour market\n## 4.4 Conclusions and policy implications\n# 5. Summary and conclusions\n# References\n# Annexes","[{\"question\":\"What does the report examine about young people in Europe?\",\"answer\":\"It analyses how the crisis-related “fragile start” affects young people’s labour market careers and their personal lives, including the persistence of disadvantages over time.\"},{\"question\":\"How are gender differences addressed in youth labour market conditions?\",\"answer\":\"The study focuses on gender effects on NEET status and employment fragility, and evaluates determinants tied to individual and family characteristics.\"},{\"question\":\"Which school-to-work transition issues are covered?\",\"answer\":\"The report studies how temporary jobs influence early career development, reviews transition evidence across Europe, and assesses transition profiles and outcomes.\"}]","Starting Fragile - Gender Differences In The Youth Labour Market - Final report April 2013 | PDF",454]