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The text traces development of model-based enterprise (MBE), referencing open standards for exchanging product data and authoritative 3D models across the product lifecycle. It summarizes motivations from ASME Y14.41, NIST summit findings, and ongoing research on annotation management and information models, while noting implementation barriers such as advanced materials, additive manufacturing, IP protection, and standard updates for tolerancing and measurement data.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/standards-for-transition-from-2d-drawing-to-model-based-definition-in-mechanical-engineering/651105/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/standards-for-transition-from-2d-drawing-to-model-based-definition-in-mechanical-engineering/651105.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Tirek","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why do mechanical engineering practices need to move beyond 2D drawings?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Because CAD tools can generate 3D solid models first and 2D drawings only if needed, challenging the necessity of maintaining drawings as the primary information source.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the role of standards in model-based enterprise and MBD adoption?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Standards such as ISO STEP (AP 242) and PMI support representing and exchanging product and process data so that the digital 3D model can serve as authoritative information throughout the lifecycle.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What challenges slow down adoption of a drawing-less environment?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Evidence discussed in the text indicates firms are not yet fully convinced due to cost, time, and effort, and challenges remain for advanced materials, additive manufacturing, IP protection, and changes in tooling and system performance.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},651105,1792860862,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":52},5909896572756,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","ISSN 1392−1207. MECHANIKA. 2021 Volume 27(4): 351−354  \nStandards for Transition from 2D Drawing to Model Based Definition in Mechanical Engineering  \nNomeda PUODZIUNIENE*, Evaldas NARVYDAS**  \n* Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu st. 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania, E-mail: [nomeda.puodziuniene@ktu.lt](nomeda.puodziuniene@ktu.lt)  \n** Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu st. 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania, E-mail: [evaldas.narvydas@ktu.lt](evaldas.narvydas@ktu.lt)  \n [http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.25777](http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.25777)  \n1. Introduction  \nFor years, mechanical engineers have followed rigorous standards of engineering drawings. International standards (primarily ISO) have been gradually adopted in many countries allowing different people who speak different languages to read the same engineering drawing and interpret and understand it equally. Discussions on differences between two major standards for drawings: ISO and ANSI/ASME were widely presented in engineering community and reflected in textbooks for qualified draftsperson [1] . However, the contemporary Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools together with means of Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) achieved capabilities that started questioning the necessity of 2D drawings. CAD tools now create the 3D solid model at first and then 2D drawing, if needed. Solid models define a geometry of the object. Therefore, the idea to develop a 3D model that would contain all information needed for the manufacturing and more have grown to Model-based Definition (MDB) concept. Answering the needs of industry the discussion on the employment of 3D model have evolved to concept of Smart Manufacturing System [2] enabled by Model-based Enterprise and Modelbased Engineering (MBE) supported by ISO STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data) AP 242 and PMI (Product Manufacturing Information) standards.  \nIn response to the need to utilize 3D CAD data as manufacturing and/or inspection sources, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) issued the first version of ASME Y14 .41 standard in 2003. However, in the research article of Quintana et al. (2010) [3], the conclusion based on observations within the two Canadian aerospace companies was drawn that from a cost, time and effort perspective, companies are not yet totally convinced to move to a drawing-less environment throughout the product lifecycle replacing engineering drawings with MBD datasets.  \nIn 2013, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the U.S. Department of Commerce issued a Model-Based Enterprise Summit Report [4] . The purpose of the Summit was to identify challenges in manufacturing, quality assurance, and system acquisition where a digital three-dimensional (3D) model serves as the authoritative information source for all activities in the product lifecycle. It concluded that the model-based methods and tools are increasing manufacturing productivity, but challenges remain introducing advanced materials such as composite structures, and advanced processes such as additive manufacturing. In addition, a new research and development are needed to address challenges such as intellectual property protection and adapting to changes in tooling, setup, or machine  \ntool performance. The continued success of MBE requires deployment of open standards for representing and exchanging product and process data.  \nThe improvement efforts of MBD have continued. Camba et al. [5, 6] emphasized a significance of annotation management in MBD and proposed an extended annotation manager answering questions related to CAD model design intent and reusability. Ruemler et al. (2017) [7] conducted a survey to investigate the common information model and to understand how the models are used within the companies. The result showed that the drawings are still very important source of information for a majority of the respondents. For the usability of 3D CAD models, the majority ","cbCaijgJLilADAuG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijgJLilADAuG","pdf",427971,"English","# Introduction\n## Transition from 2D drawings to MBD\n## Standards and authoritative 3D model concepts\n## Related initiatives and research work","[{\"question\":\"Why do mechanical engineering practices need to move beyond 2D drawings?\",\"answer\":\"Because CAD tools can generate 3D solid models first and 2D drawings only if needed, challenging the necessity of maintaining drawings as the primary information source.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the role of standards in model-based enterprise and MBD adoption?\",\"answer\":\"Standards such as ISO STEP (AP 242) and PMI support representing and exchanging product and process data so that the digital 3D model can serve as authoritative information throughout the lifecycle.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges slow down adoption of a drawing-less environment?\",\"answer\":\"Evidence discussed in the text indicates firms are not yet fully convinced due to cost, time, and effort, and challenges remain for advanced materials, additive manufacturing, IP protection, and changes in tooling and system performance.\"}]","Standards for Transition from 2D Drawing to Model Based Definition in Mechanical Engineering | PDF"]