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Explains stair construction elements and how to determine tread and stringer sizes, including load assumptions derived from AS1170.1. Provides tread and stringer tables and handrail/balustrade load criteria, plus handrail size and maximum span guidance for domestic, residential, and suitable office or work settings.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/stairs-handrails-balustrades-application-guide-australian-hardwood-and-cypress/663963/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/stairs-handrails-balustrades-application-guide-australian-hardwood-and-cypress/663963.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dabgoudw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What regulatory requirements drive the stair, handrail, and balustrade design?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Design issues are driven by regulatory requirements in the Building Code of Australia, including geometric constraints to ensure stairs and balustrades are safe and easy to use.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How are stair tread and stringer sizes determined?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Stair design uses two main elements: treads and stringers. Sizes are determined by calculating stair rake and the number of treads that fit the available space, then selecting hardwood sizes from the provided tables.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What loads are used for handrail and balustrade design assumptions?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Handrails include a uniformly distributed horizontal or vertical load (0.75 kN/m) and a concentrated load (0.6 kN). Balustrades use a uniformly distributed horizontal load (1.0 kPa) and a concentrated load (0.5 kPa).",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"Which timber grades and stress criteria are used for the handrail size table?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"The handrail table applies to F22 stress-graded timber, with specified bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and joint group. Timbers listed include Blackbutt, Ironbark, River Red Gum, Spotted Gum, Tallowwood, Turpentine, and White Mahogany, subject to meeting strength-reducing characteristic requirements.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},663963,1793235477,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":143,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":144,"faqs":145,"seo_title":146,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":133,"read_time":46},3985747860484,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Index page  \nA P P L I C A T I O N G U I D E  \nAUSTRALIAN HARDWOOD AND CYPRESS 1  \nStairs, Handrails & Balustrades  \nSCOPE  \nThis application guide includes design issues, span tables and timber sizes for stairs, handrails and balustrades. A typical situation incorporating all three elements is shown in Figure 1.  \nBCA REQUIREMENTS  \nDesign issues are driven by regulatory requirements in the Building Code of Australia. It governs geometric constraints required to make stairs and balustrades safe and easy to use①. For instance, hand rails and balustrades are needed where the building occupants access areas with more than a 1.0m change in level. Other issues centre on the height, width, rake and spacing of elements. Strength and durability are also important, particularly in exterior applications.  \nSTAIRS  \nStair design consists of two main elementstreads which are walked upon, and stringers which support the treads – as shown in Figure 2 . Sizes are determined by calculating the stair rake and the individual number of  \ntreads that can fit in the space available. Formulae for calculating this are provided in the BCA①, and once results have been confirmed, hardwood sizes for the treads and stringers can be selected from Tables 1 and 2. The table data is based on load assumptions derived from AS1170 .1② for: domestic and residential activities in self contained dwellings, walking track structures and areas where people may congregate (without obstacles for moving people) . Specific parameters covering these situation include:  \n5.0kPa uniformly distributed load, 4.5kN concentrated load and 2.4kN line load.  \nFigure 2: Stair components  \nTreads  \nBalusters  \nStringers  \n① Refer BCA Volume 1, Clauses D2 .8 to D2 .18.  \n② AS1170.1 – Permanent imposed and other actions, Standards Australia.  \nS T A I R S , H A N D R A I L S & B A L U S T R A D E S  \n2 AUSTRALIAN HARDWOOD AND CYPRESS  \nTable 1: Tread sizes for seasoned and unseasoned hardwood  \n\n|  | Tread Thickness (mm) |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Tread Span\u003Cbr>(mm | Unseasoned Hardwood |  |  | Seasoned Hardwood |  |\n|  | F11 | F14 | F17 | F17 | F27 |\n| 800 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 35 | 35 |\n| 900 | 50 | 38 | 38 | 35 | 35 |\n| 1000 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 45 | 45 |\n| 1100 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 45 | 45 |\n| 1200 | 75 | 50 | 50 | 45 | 45 |\n| 1300 | 75 | 75 | 50 | 70 | 45 |\n| 1400 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 70 | 70 |\n| 1500 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 70 | 70 |\n\nU I D E  \nTable 2: Stringer sizes for seasoned and unseasoned hardwood  \n\n| Stringer Size\u003Cbr>Depth x Thickness\u003Cbr>(mm) | Stringer Span (mm) |\n| --- | --- |\n|  | Tread Span (mm)\u003Cbr>900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 |\n|  | SEASONED F17 |\n| 190 x 45 | 3100 3000 2800 2600 2500 2400 2300 |\n| 220 x 45 | 3400 3300 3300 3100 3000 2800 2700 |\n| 240 x 45 | 3700 3600 3500 3400 3300 3100 2900 |\n| 290 x 45 | 4200 4100 400 3900 3900 3800 3700 |\n|  | SEASONED F27 |\n| 190 x 45 | 3300 3200 3100 3100 3000 2900 2900 |\n| 220 x 45 | 3700 3600 3500 3400 3400 3300 3200 |\n| 240 x 45 | 3900 3800 3700 3700 3600 3500 3500 |\n| 290 x 45 | 4500 4400 4300 4200 4100 4100 4000 |\n|  | UNSEASONED F11 |\n| 200 x 50 | 2800 2700 2600 2400 2300 2200 2200 |\n| 200 x 75 | 3200 3100 3000 2900 2800 2700 2600 |\n| 225 x 50 | 3100 3000 2900 2800 2600 2500 2400 |\n| 225 x 75 | 3600 3500 3400 3300 3200 3100 3000 |\n| 250 x 50 | 3500 3400 3300 3100 3000 2800 2700 |\n| 250 x 75 | 3900 3780 3700 3600 3600 3500 3300 |\n|  | UNSEASONED F14 |\n| 200 x 50 | 2900 2800 2700 2600 2500 2400 2300 |\n| 200 x 75 | 3300 3200 3100 3000 3000 2900 2800 |\n| 225 x 50 | 3300 3200 3100 3000 2900 2700 2600 |\n| 225 x 75 | 3700 3600 3500 3400 3300 3300 3200 |\n| 250 x 50 | 3600 3500 3400 3300 3200 3100 2900 |\n| 250 x 75 | 4100 4000 3900 3800 3700 3600 3600 |\n|  | UNSEASONED F17 |\n| 200 x 50 | 3100 3000 2900 2800 2700 2700 2600 |\n| 200 x 75 | 3500 3400 3300 3200 3100 3100 3000 |\n| 225 x 50 | 3500 3400 3300 3200 3100 3000 2900 |\n| 225 x 75 | 3900 3800 3700 3600 3500 3400 3400 |\n| 250 x 50 | 3800 3700 3600 3500 3400 3400 3300 |","cbCaivmNfusl6ycc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivmNfusl6ycc","pdf",613542,"English","# Scope\n# BCA Requirements\n# Stairs\n## Stair Components\n# Handrails & Balustrades\n## Load Assumptions\n# Tables and Sizing Guides","[{\"question\":\"What regulatory requirements drive the stair, handrail, and balustrade design?\",\"answer\":\"Design issues are driven by regulatory requirements in the Building Code of Australia, including geometric constraints to ensure stairs and balustrades are safe and easy to use.\"},{\"question\":\"How are stair tread and stringer sizes determined?\",\"answer\":\"Stair design uses two main elements: treads and stringers. Sizes are determined by calculating stair rake and the number of treads that fit the available space, then selecting hardwood sizes from the provided tables.\"},{\"question\":\"What loads are used for handrail and balustrade design assumptions?\",\"answer\":\"Handrails include a uniformly distributed horizontal or vertical load (0.75 kN/m) and a concentrated load (0.6 kN). Balustrades use a uniformly distributed horizontal load (1.0 kPa) and a concentrated load (0.5 kPa).\"},{\"question\":\"Which timber grades and stress criteria are used for the handrail size table?\",\"answer\":\"The handrail table applies to F22 stress-graded timber, with specified bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and joint group. Timbers listed include Blackbutt, Ironbark, River Red Gum, Spotted Gum, Tallowwood, Turpentine, and White Mahogany, subject to meeting strength-reducing characteristic requirements.\"}]","Stairs, Handrails & Balustrades - Application Guide - Australian Hardwood and Cypress | PDF"]