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Conversions, STP values, and significant-figure rules are provided to support problem solving and accuracy.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/","Exam",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/staar-chemistry-reference-materials-atomic-structure-gases-solutions-thermochemistry/477441/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/staar-chemistry-reference-materials-atomic-structure-gases-solutions-thermochemistry/477441.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Marglet","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":33},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What atomic structure formulas are included for exam use?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"The reference lists c = fλ and E = hf, and the related expression using Planck’s constant with light speed. These link frequency, wavelength, and photon energy.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How are gas pressure and volume relationships represented?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"It provides total pressure as the sum of partial pressures and the ideal gas law PV = nRT. It also includes proportional relationships for changing initial and final states.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"How does the document define pH and solution-related calculations?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. It includes K w for water ionization and pH = −log[H+] for hydrogen ion concentration.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},477441,1792876143,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,94,99,104,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":92,"slug":93},70,"exam",{"id":95,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":100,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":33,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":33,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":33,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":123},2336477982702,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","STAAR CHEMISTRY  \nREFERENCE MATERIALS  \n\n| | STARTM |\n| --- | --- |\n|  | State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness |\n\n\n| \u003Cbr>ATOMIC STRUCTURE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Speed of light = (frequency)(wavelength) |  |  |  | c = |  |  |  |  |  |  | f λ |\n| Energy = (Planck’s constant)(frequency) |  |  |  | E photon |  |  |  |  |  | = | hf |\n| (Planck’s constant)(speed of light) Energy = ~~ ~~\u003Cbr>(wavelength) |  |  |  | E photon |  |  |  |  | = |  | hc |\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | λ |\n| \u003Cbr>BEHAVIOR OF GASES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Total pressure of a gas = ( sumof |  |  | of the partial pressures the component gases |  | ) | PT | = | P + P + P + . . .\u003Cbr>1 2 3 |  |  |  |\n| (Pressure)(volume) = (moles)(ideal gas constant)(temperature) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PV = nRT |  |  |  |\n| (Initial pressure)(initial volume ) (final pressure)(final volume )\u003Cbr>~~ ~~ = ~~ ~~\u003Cbr>(Initial moles )(initial temperature) (final moles)(final temperature) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PV PV  1 1 =  2 2 n T n T 1 1 2 2 |  |  |  |\n| (Initial pressure)(initial volume) = (final pressure)(final volume) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PV = PV\u003Cbr>1 1 2 2 |  |  |  |\n| (Initial volume) (final volume)\u003Cbr>~~ ~~ = ~~ ~~\u003Cbr>(Initial temperature) (final temperature) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | V V\u003Cbr> 1  =  2 \u003Cbr>T T\u003Cbr>1 2 |  |  |  |\n| (Initial volume) (final volume)\u003Cbr>~~ ~~ = ~~ ~~\u003Cbr>(Initial moles) (final moles) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | V V\u003Cbr> 1  =  2 \u003Cbr>n n\u003Cbr>1 2 |  |  |  |\n| \u003Cbr>SOLUTIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Molarity = | moles of solute | M = moLl |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n|  | liter of solution |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Ionization c | onstant of wa | ter = ( yorcogenentratiioonn )( yoroxidecentrationon ) Kw = [H+][OH−] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| ( Vosolluuie ofon 1 )( | msoollautriiy on 1f) = ( | vosolluuie ofon 2 )( msoollautriiy on 2f) V1M 1 = V2M2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| pH = -logarit | hm (hydrogen io | n concentration) pH = −log[H+] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| \u003Cbr>THERMOCHEMISTRY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Heat gained or lost = (mass)( s pheceaiftic )( tceapngeeratui nre ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Q = mcp∆ T |  |  |  |  |\n| Enthalpy of\u003Cbr>reaction | = (oenf padlpuycts ) - (ofeactlpaynts ) ∆H = ∆H of(products) − ∆H of(reactants) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n\nSTAAR CHEMISTRY  \nREFERENCE MATERIALS  \n\n| | STARTM |\n| --- | --- |\n|  | State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness |\n\n\n| \u003Cbr>OTHER FORMULAS |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Density = vmolaussme~~ ~~ D = mV |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Percent error = ( ~~ ~~accepted~~ ~~v~~ ~~aaluce~~ ~~−cepteepvearlui~~ ~~meental~~ ~~value ) (100) |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Percent yield = ( ~~ ~~thaecouaeticl~~ ~~yali~~ ~~eyl~~ ~~dield ) (100) |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| \u003Cbr>CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Avogadro’s number = 6.02 × 1023 particles per mole |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10−34 J ⋅ s |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| c = speed of light = 3.00 × 108 ms |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n|  | K = ionization constant ofw |  | water = 1.00 | × 10−14 ( moLl )2 |  |  |\n| alpha | particle (α) = 42He | beta | particle (β) = | 0\u003Cbr>−1e | neutron | 1\u003Cbr>= 0n |\n| standard temperature and pressure (STP) = 0°C and 1 atm |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| 0°C = 273 K |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| volume of ideal gas at STP = 22.4 Lmol |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| 1 cm3 = 1 mL = 1 cc |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| R = ideal gas constant = 0.0821 L~~ ~~⋅molat~~ ~~mK = 8.31 Lmlk~~ ~~PaK = 62.4 L~~ ~~m⋅~~ ~~molm~~ ~~HgK |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| 1 calorie (cal) = 4.18 joules (J) |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| 1000 calories (cal) = 1 Calorie (Cal) = 1 kilocalorie (kcal) |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| \u003Cbr>RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| 1. Non-zero digits and zeros between non-zero digits are always significant. |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| 2","cbCaikc3Vpee5eVF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikc3Vpee5eVF","pdf",635887,"English","# Atomic Structure\n# Behavior of Gases\n# Solutions\n# Thermochemistry\n# Other Formulas\n# Constants and Conversions\n# Rules for Significant Figures\n# Polyatomic Ions and Solubility","[{\"question\":\"What atomic structure formulas are included for exam use?\",\"answer\":\"The reference lists c = fλ and E = hf, and the related expression using Planck’s constant with light speed. These link frequency, wavelength, and photon energy.\"},{\"question\":\"How are gas pressure and volume relationships represented?\",\"answer\":\"It provides total pressure as the sum of partial pressures and the ideal gas law PV = nRT. It also includes proportional relationships for changing initial and final states.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the document define pH and solution-related calculations?\",\"answer\":\"Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. It includes K w for water ionization and pH = −log[H+] for hydrogen ion concentration.\"}]","STAAR Chemistry Reference Materials - Atomic Structure, Gases, Solutions, Thermochemistry | PDF",1790789739]