[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-462161-105":59,"doc-detail-462161-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","sprouty-in-tumors-of-the-nervous-system","Sprouty in Tumors of the Nervous System","","Sprouty (SPRY) proteins are conserved regulators of growth factor–driven signaling, with four isoforms (SPRY1–4) implicated in cancers as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on the isoform and malignancy. Although SPRY1, SPRY2, and SPRY4 show tumor-suppressor roles in many contexts, they act as oncogenes in specific cancers. This review synthesizes evidence on SPRY1–4 functions in glioblastoma and neuroblastoma and analyzes links to overall and progression-free survival using public datasets. Results suggest SPRY1 and SPRY2 behave as oncogenes in glioblastoma, while SPRY3–4 roles remain unclear. In neuroblastoma, SPRY2 shows tumor-suppressive effects and SPRY3 low levels associate with improved survival, while SPRY1 and SPRY4 effects are uninvestigated, supporting further functional and clinical target studies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sprouty-in-tumors-of-the-nervous-system/462161/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sprouty-in-tumors-of-the-nervous-system/462161.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Valentina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What do Sprouty (SPRY) proteins do in signaling pathways, and how are they linked to cancer?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"SPRY proteins modulate growth factor–induced signaling pathways. Four SPRY isoforms (SPRY1–4) are implicated in cancer, acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on the isoform and the malignancy.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What roles do SPRY isoforms play in glioblastoma according to the review?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Evidence summarized in the review indicates that SPRY1 and SPRY2 function as oncogenes in glioblastoma, while the roles of SPRY3 and SPRY4 in glioblastoma are not well defined.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How is neuroblastoma (NB) survival associated with SPRY isoforms?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review reports that SPRY2 acts as a tumor suppressor in NB. It also notes that survival analysis across datasets found increased survival of NB patients with low SPRY3 levels, while SPRY1 and SPRY4 effects in NB have not been investigated yet.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},462161,1791134154,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},13056703020460,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253dac470eee5d?_k=1778207105932848923","Review  \nSprouty in Tumors of the Nervous System  \nPetra Obexer 1 and Barbara Hausott 2, *  \nAcademic Editor: Stergios Boussios  \nReceived: 19 November 2025  \nRevised: 19 December 2025  \nAccepted: 22 December 2025  \nPublished: 29 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; [petra.obexer@i-med.ac.at](petra.obexer@i-med.ac.at)  \n2 Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria  \n* [Correspondence: barbara.hausott@i-med.ac.at](Correspondence: barbara.hausott@i-med.ac.at)  \nAbstract  \nThe Sprouty (SPRY) proteins are evolutionarily conserved modulators of growth factorinduced signaling pathways. The four different SPRY isoforms (SPRY1-4) are implicated indifferent types of cancer, acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on the SPRYisoform and the malignancy. Despite being tumor suppressors in many types of cancer, SPRY1 is an oncogene in rhabdomyosarcoma, SPRY2 in colorectal cancer, and SPRY4 in gastric cancer. In this review, we summarize the current literature about the functions of SPRY1-4 in glioblastoma (GB) and neuroblastoma (NB) . To further delineate the effects of SPRY1-4 in the tumorigenesis of the nervous system, we analyzed the association of SPRY1-4 with the overall and event/progression-free survival of patients with pediatric and adult glioma, GB, and NB using public datasets. Together, there is evidence that SPRY1 and-2 are oncogenes in GB, whereas the role of SPRY3 and-4 in GB is not well defined. In NB, SPRY2 acts as a tumor suppressor, whereas the effects of SPRY1, -3, and-4 in NB have not been investigated so far, although the survival analysis revealed increased survival of NB patients with low SPRY3 levels in different datasets. Thus, this review demonstrates the requirement for further studies about the functions of the SPRY proteins in tumors of the nervous system to define their clinical relevance as potential therapeutic targets in the future.  \nKeywords: Sprouty; glioblastoma; neuroblastoma; survival; proliferation; microRNA  \n1. Introduction  \nThe central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of the peripheral nerves and ganglia. The term ‘brain cancer’ summarizes multiple subtypes of tumors originating from different tissues, such as glial cells and/or neurons of the CNS. According to the fifth edition of the World Health Organization classification of tumors of the CNS (WHO CNS5), published in 2021, the classification of tumors of the CNS has undergone major changes due to advancesin molecular genetics. CNS tumors now include different types of gliomas, glioneuronaland neuronal tumors, choroid plexus tumors, embryonal tumors, pineal tumors, cranial/paraspinal nerve tumors, meningiomas, mesenchymal (non-meningothelial) tumors, melanocytic tumors, hematolymphoid tumors of the CNS, germ cell tumors, tumors of the sellar region, and metastases to the CNS. The taxonomy and nomenclature of all CNS tumors became more standardized, and new tumor types were added. Histopathological and molecular features are now included in tumor grading, which changed from Roman grade numbers to Arabic numbers [1,2] . Neuroblastoma (NB) is an aggressive childhood tumor that originates from the neural crest during the embryogenic development of the  \nPNS and the adrenal gland. NB occurs most frequently in the adrenal glands but also along the sympathetic nervous system [3] . Staging and risk classification depend on clinical and imaging factors according to the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS) [4] or the revised classification system, which incorporates segmental chromosome aberrations (SCAs) as an additional geno","cbCaiotEE1QaMVq5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiotEE1QaMVq5","pdf",6505440,22,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n## 1.1. Glioblastoma","[{\"question\":\"What do Sprouty (SPRY) proteins do in signaling pathways, and how are they linked to cancer?\",\"answer\":\"SPRY proteins modulate growth factor–induced signaling pathways. Four SPRY isoforms (SPRY1–4) are implicated in cancer, acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on the isoform and the malignancy.\"},{\"question\":\"What roles do SPRY isoforms play in glioblastoma according to the review?\",\"answer\":\"Evidence summarized in the review indicates that SPRY1 and SPRY2 function as oncogenes in glioblastoma, while the roles of SPRY3 and SPRY4 in glioblastoma are not well defined.\"},{\"question\":\"How is neuroblastoma (NB) survival associated with SPRY isoforms?\",\"answer\":\"The review reports that SPRY2 acts as a tumor suppressor in NB. It also notes that survival analysis across datasets found increased survival of NB patients with low SPRY3 levels, while SPRY1 and SPRY4 effects in NB have not been investigated yet.\"}]","Sprouty in Tumors of the Nervous System | PDF",1790763452,55]