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A systematic review synthesizes evidence from 37 empirical studies (2020-2025) using PRISMA for selection, meta-analyses screening, and MMAT for quality appraisal. Findings summarize conceptualization, effectiveness, methods, influencing factors, and theoretical foundations, showing most studies confirm SPOC effectiveness, especially for cognitive development, self-regulation, and engagement, enabled by task design, instructor facilitation, and platform feedback systems.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/spoc-model-and-deep-learning-in-higher-education-a-systematic-review-2020-2025/599517/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/spoc-model-and-deep-learning-in-higher-education-a-systematic-review-2020-2025/599517.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"jayni","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the review define deep learning and why is it important in higher education?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Deep learning is described as meaning-making, knowledge transfer, critical thinking, and self-regulation. It is positioned as a central goal of competence-oriented education and 21st-century higher education reform.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What method does the study use to conduct the systematic review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review uses PRISMA-based selection for systematic reviews and meta-analysis screening, and applies the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for quality appraisal.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are the key findings on whether SPOC improves deep learning outcomes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Results indicate that 35 of the 37 studies affirm SPOC’s effectiveness, particularly for cognitive development, self-regulation, and engagement. Key enablers include task design, instructor facilitation, and platform feedback systems.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},599517,1792209233,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747859343,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","OPEN ACCESS  \nReview Article  \nContemporary Educational Technology, 2026, 18(2), ep642 ISSN: 1309-517X (Online)  \nSPOC model and deep learning in higher education: A systematic review (2020-2025)  \nLong Yujie 1*  \n 0009-0009-7714-5658  \nNurfaradilla Binti Mohamad Nasri 2  \n 0000-0001-8572-3838  \nMuhammad Helmi Bin Norman 2  \n 0000-0002-4717-3166  \nZhang Shuran 1  \n 0009-0009-3911-7584  \n1 Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, MALAYSIA  \n2 Center for Educational Leadership and Policy Research, Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, MALAYSIA  \n* Corresponding author: p1201[15@siswa.ukm.edu.my](15@siswa.ukm.edu.my)  \nCitation: Yujie, L., Nasri, N. B. M., Norman, M. H. B., & Shuran, Z. (2026). SPOC model and deep learning in higher education: A systematic review (2020-2025) . Contemporary Educational Technology, 18(2), Article ep642 .  \n[https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/18059](https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/18059)  \nARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT  \n\n| Received: 13 Jun 2025\u003Cbr>Accepted: 31 Jan 2026 | Amid the digital transformation of higher education, fostering deep learning–emphasizing higher-order thinking, autonomy, and knowledge transfer–has become a critical reform goal. The small private online course (SPOC) model, known for its interactivity and personalized support, shows strong potential to promote deep learning. However, prior research remains fragmented and lacks systematic integration. This study addresses the gap by conducting a systematic review of 37 empirical studies published between 2020 and 2025. Using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses for screening and the mixed methods appraisal tool for quality appraisal, the review synthesizes findings across five dimensions: conceptualization, effectiveness, methodology, influencing factors, and theoretical foundations. Results reveal that 35 studies affirm SPOC’s effectiveness in enhancing deep learning, particularly in cognitive development, self-regulation, and engagement. Key enablers include task design, instructor facilitation, and platform feedback systems. The review concludes that SPOC serves as a viable pedagogical model for advancing deep learning in higher education and offers practical guidance for researchers and educators.\u003Cbr>Keywords: SPOC model, deep learning, higher education, blended learning, systematic review, instructional design, educational technology |\n| --- | --- |\n| INTRODUCTION |  |\n\nDeep learning in education refers to an approach centered on meaning-making, knowledge transfer, critical thinking, and self-regulation. Initially distinguished from surface learning by Marton and Säljö (1976), it emphasizes learners’ active engagement in integrating content and connecting new knowledge to prior experience. This construct has since been expanded within educational psychology and instructional design (Chen & Singh, 2024) .  \nWith the global shift toward a knowledge-based society, higher education faces increasing pressure to cultivate students’ higher-order thinking and interdisciplinary skills. Deep learning has become a central goal of competence-oriented education and 21st century higher education reform (Jin, 2024) . Studies show that  \nwell-designed pedagogical strategies enhance engagement, learner autonomy, and reflection, enabling a transition from knowledge acquisition to competence construction (Du & Qian, 2022; L. Jiang et al., 2024 b) .  \nTechnology-enhanced learning environments have created new opportunities to promote deep learning, particularly through online platforms (Pan, 2023). Among these, the small private online course (SPOC) model– blending online learning with traditional classroom instruction–has emerged as a promising strategy. Proposed by Armando Fox (2013) as a solution to the shortcomings of MOOC, SPOC combine scalable technology with the pedagogical benefits of in-person learning. Unlike MOOC, SPOC features closed cohorts, structured interaction, and ","cbCaimXsSwflQkVo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimXsSwflQkVo","pdf",457408,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Research questions\n## Deep learning and technology-enhanced learning\n## SPOC model background and challenges\n## Study approach and review scope","[{\"question\":\"How does the review define deep learning and why is it important in higher education?\",\"answer\":\"Deep learning is described as meaning-making, knowledge transfer, critical thinking, and self-regulation. It is positioned as a central goal of competence-oriented education and 21st-century higher education reform.\"},{\"question\":\"What method does the study use to conduct the systematic review?\",\"answer\":\"The review uses PRISMA-based selection for systematic reviews and meta-analysis screening, and applies the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for quality appraisal.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the key findings on whether SPOC improves deep learning outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Results indicate that 35 of the 37 studies affirm SPOC’s effectiveness, particularly for cognitive development, self-regulation, and engagement. Key enablers include task design, instructor facilitation, and platform feedback systems.\"}]","SPOC model and deep learning in higher education - A systematic review (2020-2025) | PDF",1792088917,45]