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French allows three constituent question types differing in syntactic complexity, enabling a fine-grained assessment of syntactic competence. Results show strong preference for Wh-in-situ and avoidance of inversion in both groups. Infinitives are nearly absent in all questions; null subjects are rare in fronted Wh-questions but occur in in-situ questions in typically developing children. SLI children avoid infinitives in Wh-questions and permit null subjects across all question types, though they face greater difficulties with movement during elicitation. A truncation-based account is proposed to explain these patterns under economy constraints.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/speculations-about-early-syntax-the-production-of-wh-questions-by-normally-developing-french-children-and-french-children-with-sli/152735/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/speculations-about-early-syntax-the-production-of-wh-questions-by-normally-developing-french-children-and-french-children-with-sli/152735.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Gloria","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What question types in French are analyzed in this study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The paper examines three types of constituent questions: Wh-in-situ, fronted Wh without inversion, and fronted Wh with inversion. These differ in syntactic complexity, supporting comparisons of syntactic competence.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How do typically developing children and children with SLI differ in producing Wh-questions?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Both groups strongly prefer Wh-in-situ and avoid inversion. Infinitives are extremely rare for all children, while null subjects are rare in fronted Wh-questions but occur in in-situ questions for typically developing children; SLI children permit null subjects across question types.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What does the elicitation experiment show about movement difficulties in SLI children?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The elicitation results confirm the main trends found in spontaneous data, while indicating that SLI children have significantly more difficulties with movement than normal children.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},152735,1787866708,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336474459895,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000baeef7a5ed0655?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786071322749376916","Speculations About Early Syntax: The Production of Wh-questions by Normally Developing French Children and French Children with SLI *  \nCornelia Hamann  \nUniversity of Oldenburg. Department of English Ammerländer Heerstrasse 114-118. 26129 Oldenburg. Germany Cornelia.Hamann@uni-oldenburg.de  \nAbstract  \nThis paper examines the spontaneous (and elicited) production of questions in 3 typically developing French children (1;8-2;10) and 11 French children with SLI (3;10-9;1). French has three types of constituent questions (Wh-in-situ, fronted Wh without inversion, fronted Wh with inversion) graded in syntactic complexity, allowing detailed investigation of syntactic competence.  \nThe results show that both groups of children greatly prefer Wh-in-situ over fronted Wh and avoid inversion. Infinitives are extremely rare in all questions, whereas null subjects are rare in fronted Wh-questions but occur in in-situ questions in typically developing children. SLI children do not produce infinitives in Wh-questions, but allow null subjects in all question types. The elicitation experiment confirmed these trends, though the SLI children had significantly more difficulties with movement than the normal children.  \nA tentative account uses the truncation approach and the assumption that young children avoid movement by deriving in-situ questions with a Q-element in the head position of an Interrogative Phrase entering into an Agree relation with the element left in-situ. SLI children might extend this economic analysis to all Wh-questions.  \nKey words: French questions, fronted Wh, Wh-in-situ, syntactic complexity, infinitives, null subjects, movement, economic, typically developing children, SLI children.  \nTable of Contents  \n1. Introduction  \n2. Previous results and theoretical approaches  \n3. Method  \n4. Results for normally developing children  \n5. Results for French children with SLI  \n6. Confirming and extending the results for SLI children in elicitation experiments  \n7. Discussion and Conclusion References  \n* Acknowledgements: I thank all the children participating in the study and the parents who made the recordings or welcomed the investigators in their homes. Special thanks go to Lara Baranzini, Stéphanie Cronel-Ohayon and Lucienne Rasetti for making their data available and helping with the reanalysis. My thanks also go to Luigi Rizzi, Ur Shlonsky, Ken Wexler and two anonymous reviewers for their comments and theoretical suggestions. In addition, I would like to thank all the colleagues from the Interfaculty Project in Geneva for their help in data collection, processing and analysis. I take sole responsibility, however, for the conclusions I draw and the errors I made.  \n1. Introduction  \n1.1. Aims and structure of the paper  \nThe aim of this paper is twofold. First, I want to confirm and extend the data on question formation in early French. Second, I intend to adapt and extend the analyses of early syntax discussed in the literature in order to account for the findingsin a way consistent with current assumptions about economy constraints in child language. I therefore investigate the different constructions on the basis of more extensive corpora for typically developing children in order to determine possible preferences for certain question constructions and the phenomena occurring in the different question types. I also present data on question production in the spontaneous speech of 11 French children with SLI which corroborates that questions are indeed an area of particular difficulty. These findings lead to an analysis of the grammar of early French questions which uses and extends current hypotheses about child grammars.  \nConsiderations about the role of economy in child language and an introduction into French question patterns are given in 1.2. Previous results on typically developing children and children with SLI are discussed in section 2.1, and proposals about early and impaired grammars will be presented in s","cbCaijpO361lxbeE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijpO361lxbeE","pdf",236250,47,"English","# Introduction\n## Aims and structure of the paper\n## Economy, French question types, acquisition and language impairment\n# Previous results and theoretical approaches\n# Method\n# Results for normally developing children\n# Results for French children with SLI\n# Confirming and extending the results for SLI children in elicitation experiments\n# Discussion and Conclusion\n# References","[{\"question\":\"What question types in French are analyzed in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The paper examines three types of constituent questions: Wh-in-situ, fronted Wh without inversion, and fronted Wh with inversion. These differ in syntactic complexity, supporting comparisons of syntactic competence.\"},{\"question\":\"How do typically developing children and children with SLI differ in producing Wh-questions?\",\"answer\":\"Both groups strongly prefer Wh-in-situ and avoid inversion. Infinitives are extremely rare for all children, while null subjects are rare in fronted Wh-questions but occur in in-situ questions for typically developing children; SLI children permit null subjects across question types.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the elicitation experiment show about movement difficulties in SLI children?\",\"answer\":\"The elicitation results confirm the main trends found in spontaneous data, while indicating that SLI children have significantly more difficulties with movement than normal children.\"}]","Speculations About Early Syntax - The Production of Wh-questions by Normally Developing French Children and French Children with SLI | PDF",118]