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Plasmaderived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from 74 breast cancer patients and 30 healthy controls were isolated and characterized by TEM and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Infrared spectra were collected to quantify lipid acyl-chain differences, focusing on 3050–2900 cm−1 and lipid-to-lipid ratios. Principal component analysis, heatmaps, and ROC analyses separated patient and control sEVs, with (I2960/I2929) showing 100% sensitivity and specificity as a diagnostic marker.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/spectroscopic-insight-into-breast-cancer-profiling-small-extracellular-vesicles-lipids-via-infrared-spectroscopy-for-diagnostic-precision/336174/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/spectroscopic-insight-into-breast-cancer-profiling-small-extracellular-vesicles-lipids-via-infrared-spectroscopy-for-diagnostic-precision/336174.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ava Thompson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How were small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) prepared and validated in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Plasmaderived sEVs from breast cancer patients and healthy controls were isolated using chemical precipitation and characterized by TEM and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Marker validation used antibody-based tests including TSG101, CD9, CD81, and CD63.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which FTIR spectral features were used to distinguish breast cancer sEVs?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Infrared spectra focused on the lipid region (3050–2900 cm−1), identifying characteristic peaks around 3015, 2960, and 2929 cm−1. Lipid-to-lipid ratios, especially (I3015/I2929) and (I2960/I2929), served as spectroscopic markers.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How did the analysis evaluate diagnostic performance?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Principal component analysis differentiated breast cancer and healthy control sEVs. Heatmap analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) evaluations quantified discriminatory power, with (I2960/I2929) reported as achieving 100% sensitivity and specificity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},336174,1790812430,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},1649267921044,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1800007509477c92dfb?_k=1786009248482753345","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nSpectroscopic insight into breast cancer: profiling small extracellular vesicles lipids via infrared spectroscopy for diagnostic precision  \nAbhay Mishra1, Sadaqa Zehra1, Prahalad Kumar Bharti1, Sandeep R. Mathur 3,  \nPiyush Ranjan4, Atul Batra 5, Krishna K. Inampudi1, Gyan Prakash Modi6, Fredrik Nikolajeff2 & Saroj Kumar1,2*  \nBreast cancer, a leading cause of female mortality due to delayed detection owing to asymptomatic nature and limited early diagnostic tools, was investigated using a multi-modal approach. Plasmaderived small EVs from breast cancer patients (BrCa, n = 74) and healthy controls (HC, n = 30) were analyzed. Small EVs (n = 104), isolated through chemical precipitation, underwent characterization via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Validation involved antibody-based tests (TSG101, CD9, CD81, CD63) . Infrared spectra of small EVs were obtained, revealing significant differences in lipid acyl chains, particularly in the C–H stretching of CH3. The study focused on the lipid region (3050–2900 cm−1), identifying peaks (3015 cm−1, 2960 cm−1, 2929 cm−1) as distinctive lipid characteristics. Spectroscopic lipid-to-lipid ratios [(I3015/I2929),(I2960/I2929)] emerged as prominent breast cancer markers. Exploration of protein, nucleic acid, and carbohydrate ratios indicated variations in alpha helices, asymmetric C–H stretching vibrations, and C–O stretching at 1033 cm−1 . Principal component analysis (PCA) successfully differentiated BrCa and HC small EVs, and heatmap analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve evaluations underscored the discriminatory power of lipid ratios. Notably,(I2960/I2929) exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity, highlighting its potential as a robust BrCa sEV marker for breast cancer detection.  \nKeywords sEVs, FTIR, Spectral marker, PCA, Lipid, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids  \nBreast cancer, recognized as the predominant malignancy affecting women globally, necessitates a sophisticated approach to early detection and diagnosis. Despite survival rate variations, the swift identification and intervention significantly improve overall prognoses, highlighting the pressing need for advanced diagnostic methodologies1–3.  \nWhile traditional detection methods like breast exams, mammography, ultrasounds, histological analyses, and magnetic resonance imaging are invaluable, their limitations in addressing the diverse spectrum of breast cancer subtypes and providing comprehensive diagnostic accuracy underscore the urgency for novel diagnostic approaches4. Thus, there is a critical need for pioneering early breast cancer diagnostic methods to advance diagnostic research and enhance clinical outcomes.  \nInvasive tissue sampling for cancer detection poses multifaceted challenges, including patient discomfort, procedural risks, and limitations in accessing diverse or critical tissue regions. These challenges hinder the frequency of cancer assessments, making early, definitive diagnoses more challenging. In this context, liquid biopsy  \n1Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. 2Department of Health, Education, and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden. 3Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. 4Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. 5Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. 6Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.* email: [saroj.kumar@associated.ltu.se](saroj.kumar@associated.ltu.se); [sarojgupta.k@gmail.com](sarojgupta.k@gmail.com)  \n[www. nature.com/scientificreports/](www. nature.com/scientificreports/)  \nemerges as a pro","cbCais4FyDs5tZEN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCais4FyDs5tZEN","pdf",2696498,"English","# Spectroscopic profiling of breast cancer sEV lipids via infrared spectroscopy\n## Sample preparation and sEV characterization (TEM, NTA)\n## Antibody validation of small EV markers\n## FTIR spectral analysis of lipid regions and ratios\n## Multivariate and performance evaluation (PCA, heatmap, ROC)","[{\"question\":\"How were small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) prepared and validated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Plasmaderived sEVs from breast cancer patients and healthy controls were isolated using chemical precipitation and characterized by TEM and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Marker validation used antibody-based tests including TSG101, CD9, CD81, and CD63.\"},{\"question\":\"Which FTIR spectral features were used to distinguish breast cancer sEVs?\",\"answer\":\"Infrared spectra focused on the lipid region (3050–2900 cm−1), identifying characteristic peaks around 3015, 2960, and 2929 cm−1. Lipid-to-lipid ratios, especially (I3015/I2929) and (I2960/I2929), served as spectroscopic markers.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the analysis evaluate diagnostic performance?\",\"answer\":\"Principal component analysis differentiated breast cancer and healthy control sEVs. Heatmap analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) evaluations quantified discriminatory power, with (I2960/I2929) reported as achieving 100% sensitivity and specificity.\"}]","Spectroscopic insight into breast cancer: profiling small extracellular vesicles lipids via infrared spectroscopy for diagnostic precision | PDF",1790013980,25]