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This review synthesizes 29 PubMed studies to describe microbiome patterns linked to breast cancer and to assess gut microbiota effects on carcinogenesis and therapy efficacy. Results suggest breast cancer associates with gut microbiota imbalance influenced by tumor features and host factors, though no single microbial biomarker profile is consistently identified.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/specific-microbiome-patterns-and-their-association-with-breast-cancer-the-intestinal-microbiota-as-a-potential-biomarker-and-therapeutic-strategy/332952/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/specific-microbiome-patterns-and-their-association-with-breast-cancer-the-intestinal-microbiota-as-a-potential-biomarker-and-therapeutic-strategy/332952.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Aurelia","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is identifying new biomarkers and therapies important for breast cancer?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Many breast cancer cases do not match known risk factors, and some patients develop resistance to treatment and relapse. New biomarkers and therapy strategies are needed to improve management and personalization.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does this review investigate the link between microbiome patterns and breast cancer?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"A literature search in PubMed used MeSH terms “Breast Neoplasms” and “Gastrointestinal Microbiome,” including 29 publications. The review considers studies characterizing gut or breast tissue microbiota as well as animal and in vitro models.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What do the reviewed studies suggest about the gut microbiota and breast cancer therapies?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Breast cancer is associated with an imbalance in gut microbiota that varies by molecular type, cancer stage/grade, menopause, menarche, BMI, and physical activity. Some microorganisms and bacterial metabolites may improve therapy effects or influence tumor development, but no single microbial profile was identified as a universal biomarker.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},332952,1791062578,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},1099514068365,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/10000253d8d9f28188e?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1794309523707217728","Clinical and Translational Oncology (2025) 27:15–41 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-024-03554-w](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-024-03554-w)  \nSpecific microbiome patterns and their association with breast cancer: the intestinal microbiota as a potential biomarker and therapeutic strategy  \nAlba Amaro‑da‑Cruz1 · Teresa Rubio‑Tomás2 · Ana I. Álvarez‑Mercado3,4,5  \nReceived: 13 March 2024 / Accepted: 4 June 2024 / Published online: 18 June 2024 © The Author(s) 2024  \nAbstract  \nBreast cancer (BC) is one of the most diagnosed cancers in women. Based on histological characteristics, they are classified as non-invasive, or in situ (tumors located within the milk ducts or milk lobules) and invasive. BC may develop from in situ carcinomas over time. Determining prognosis and predicting response to treatment are essential tools to manage this disease and reduce its incidence and mortality, as well as to promote personalized therapy for patients. However, over half of the cases are not associated with known risk factors. In addition, some patients develop resistance to treatment and relapse. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new biomarkers and treatment strategies that improve existing therapies. In this regard, the role of the microbiome is being researched as it could play a role in carcinogenesis and the efficacy of BC therapies. This review aims to describe specific microbiome patterns associated with BC. For this, a literature search was carried out in PubMed database using the MeSH terms “Breast Neoplasms” and “Gastrointestinal Microbiome”, including 29 publications. Most of the studies have focused on characterizing the gut or breast tissue microbiome of the patients. Likewise, studies in animal models and in vitro that investigated the impact of gut microbiota (GM) on BC treatments and the effects of the microbiome on tumor cells were included. Based on the results of the included articles, BC could be associated with an imbalance in the GM. This imbalance varied depending on molecular type, stage and grade of cancer, menopause, menarche, body mass index, and physical activity. However, a specific microbial profile could not be identified as a biomarker. On the other hand, some studies suggest that the GM may influence the efficacy of BC therapies. In addition, some microorganisms and bacterial metabolites could improve the effects of therapies or influence tumor development.  \nKeywords Breast cancer · Microbiome · Biomarkers · Therapy · Microbiota · Chemotherapy  \n* Ana I. Álvarez-Mercado [alvarezmercado@ugr.es](alvarezmercado@ugr.es)  \n1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain  \n2 Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece  \n3 Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada,  \n18014 Granada, Spain  \n4 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain  \n5 Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain  \nAbbreviations  \nDNA Deoxyribonucleic acid  \nSCFA Short-chain fatty acids  \nrRNA Ribosomal ribonucleic acid  \nBC Breast cancer  \nCTLA-4 Cytotoxic T cell antigen 4  \nCTX Cyclophosphamide  \nDLA Daucosterol linolenate  \nDL Daucosterol linoleate  \nDP Daucosterol palmitate  \nDOX Doxorubicin hydrochloride  \nHER2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ICI Immune checkpoint inhibitors  \nIL Interleukin  \nBMI Body mass index  \nGM Gut microbiota  \nNF-κB Nuclear factor kappa BNLR NOD-like receptors  \nPAMP  \nPD-1  \nPD-L1  \nPD-L2  \nPRR  \nqPCR  \nER  \nPR  \nRT-qPCR  \nsIgATGF-β TLRTNF-α  \nPathogen-associated molecular pattern Programmed cell death receptor 1 Programmed cell death ligand 1  \nProgrammed cell death ligand 2  \nPattern recognition receptors Quantitative polymerase chain reaction Estrogen receptor  \nProgesterone receptor  \nReal-time ","cbCaivINazOkqLbq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivINazOkqLbq","pdf",1219291,27,"English","# Abstract\n## Breast cancer background and clinical need\n## Role of the microbiome in carcinogenesis and therapy\n## Literature search and study scope\n## Findings: gut microbiota imbalance and therapy effects\n## Lack of a single definitive biomarker\n# Background\n## Epidemiology and rising incidence\n## Multifactorial disease and risk factors\n## Classification of breast cancer and molecular subtypes","[{\"question\":\"Why is identifying new biomarkers and therapies important for breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Many breast cancer cases do not match known risk factors, and some patients develop resistance to treatment and relapse. New biomarkers and therapy strategies are needed to improve management and personalization.\"},{\"question\":\"How does this review investigate the link between microbiome patterns and breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"A literature search in PubMed used MeSH terms “Breast Neoplasms” and “Gastrointestinal Microbiome,” including 29 publications. The review considers studies characterizing gut or breast tissue microbiota as well as animal and in vitro models.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the reviewed studies suggest about the gut microbiota and breast cancer therapies?\",\"answer\":\"Breast cancer is associated with an imbalance in gut microbiota that varies by molecular type, cancer stage/grade, menopause, menarche, BMI, and physical activity. Some microorganisms and bacterial metabolites may improve therapy effects or influence tumor development, but no single microbial profile was identified as a universal biomarker.\"}]","Specific microbiome patterns and their association with breast cancer - the intestinal microbiota as a potential biomarker and therapeutic strategy | PDF",1790000112,68]