[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-465670-105":59,"doc-detail-465670-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","special-issue-molecular-diagnosis-and-treatments-of-diabetes-mellitus-editorial","Special Issue - “Molecular Diagnosis and Treatments of Diabetes Mellitus” - Editorial","","Editorial for the Special Issue “Molecular Diagnosis and Treatments of Diabetes Mellitus,” detailing a systemic view of type 2 diabetes as a continuum from normoglycemia to overt disease shaped by metabolic, immune, and neurochemical interactions. Highlights include the neurotransmitter regulation of insulin secretion and glucose production, the gut–brain axis via microbiota, permeability, and metabolite-driven inflammation, and low-grade inflammatory mechanisms involving NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Emphasizes neurometabolic interfaces, diabetic neuropathy mechanisms, and precision phenotyping using metabolic, inflammatory, and neurotransmitter biomarkers. Summarizes the special issue’s 10 articles and their thematic areas, from genetics to innovative therapies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/special-issue-molecular-diagnosis-and-treatments-of-diabetes-mellitus-editorial/465670/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/special-issue-molecular-diagnosis-and-treatments-of-diabetes-mellitus-editorial/465670.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Alex Sinclair","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",18,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What major biological connections does the editorial link to type 2 diabetes progression?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It links metabolic dysregulation with immune activation and neurochemical imbalance across stages from normoglycemia and prediabetes to overt T2DM.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the gut–brain axis influence glucose homeostasis according to the editorial?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It describes how gut microbiota changes, intestinal permeability, and microbial metabolites affect incretin secretion, vagal signaling, bile acid pathways, and systemic inflammation, thereby modulating glucose regulation.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which inflammatory pathways are highlighted as unifying mechanisms in the editorial?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The editorial emphasizes NF-κB activation and the NLRP3 inflammasome as contributors to β-cell stress, impaired insulin action, endothelial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},465670,1790818391,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099523882182,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Editorial  \nSpecial Issue: “Molecular Diagnosis and Treatments of Diabetes Mellitus”  \nMihail Virgil Boldeanu   \nReceived: 19 December 2025  \nAccepted: 23 December 2025  \nPublished: 25 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \nDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; [mihail.boldeanu@umfcv.ro](mihail.boldeanu@umfcv.ro)  \n1. Introduction  \nDiabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is increasingly being recognized as a systemic disorder that links metabolic dysregulation with immune activation and neurochemical imbalance. Beyond chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, individuals traverse a continuum from normoglycemia through prediabetes to overt T2DM, along which cardiometabolic risk diverges by phenotype rather than body mass alone, reflecting differences in adipose biology, hepatic lipid handling, autonomic tone, and low-grade inflammation [1–3] . Within these networks, neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin exert essential regulatory functions, influencing insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production, adipose tissue metabolism, thermogenesis, and behavioral responses to nutrient availability [4–6] . Recent findings further indicate that dysregulation of these neurotransmitter systems may contribute to early variations in glycemic responses, body weight dynamics, and metabolic flexibility among individuals with prediabetes and new-onset T2DM [4–6] .  \nThe gut–brain axis represents another key integrative component linking nutrition, metabolism, immunity, and neural regulation. Alterations in gut microbiota composition, intestinal permeability, and microbial metabolites can affect incretin secretion, vagal signaling, bile acid pathways, and systemic inflammation, ultimately modulating glucose homeostasis and metabolic function [7,8] . Immune–enteric interactions further contribute to this bidirectional regulation, as crosstalk between intestinal immune cells and the enteric nervous system influences central metabolic control and systemic insulin sensitivity [9–11] . Disruptions of this axis have also been associated with changes in satiety, stress responses, mood symptoms, and the onset of diabetic neuropathy, highlighting the shared neuroimmune origins of metabolic and neurological complications in diabetes [9–11] .  \nLow-grade chronic inflammation serves as a unifying mechanism linking metabolic dysfunction with neural and vascular injury. Activation of the nuclear factor kappa-lightchain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to β-cell stress, impaired insulin action, endothelial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, thus promoting metabolic deterioration and amplifying the risk of diabetes-related complications [12,13] . In parallel, insulin resistance at the neuronal level, together with mitochondrial stress and oxidative injury, has been implicated in neurodegenerative processes observed in diabetes and metabolic syndrome, reinforcing the concept of a neurometabolic interface [14] .  \nDiabetic neuropathy exemplifies the complexity of these intertwined mechanisms. Painful diabetic neuropathy results from the convergence of metabolic stress, microvascular ischemia, mitochondrial injury, and altered neurotransmitter signaling [14,15] . Established  \npathogenic pathways such as glycotoxicity and oxidative stress remain central, yet emerging evidence highlights the contributions of immune–neural crosstalk, central sensitization, and gut-derived inflammatory mediators in shaping neuropathic symptomatology and its early expression in prediabetes [9,15] . These overlapping influences help explain the marked h","cbCaiiRLJKklaEOZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiRLJKklaEOZ","pdf",200053,"English","# Introduction\n# An Overview of Published Articles\n## Genetic and Molecular Signatures in Diabetic Neuropathy","[{\"question\":\"What major biological connections does the editorial link to type 2 diabetes progression?\",\"answer\":\"It links metabolic dysregulation with immune activation and neurochemical imbalance across stages from normoglycemia and prediabetes to overt T2DM.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the gut–brain axis influence glucose homeostasis according to the editorial?\",\"answer\":\"It describes how gut microbiota changes, intestinal permeability, and microbial metabolites affect incretin secretion, vagal signaling, bile acid pathways, and systemic inflammation, thereby modulating glucose regulation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which inflammatory pathways are highlighted as unifying mechanisms in the editorial?\",\"answer\":\"The editorial emphasizes NF-κB activation and the NLRP3 inflammasome as contributors to β-cell stress, impaired insulin action, endothelial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation.\"}]","Special Issue - “Molecular Diagnosis and Treatments of Diabetes Mellitus” - Editorial | PDF",1790769890,13]