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Population studies suggest soy and/or isoflavones may be linked to a lower breast cancer risk, yet in vitro and experimental findings indicate dose-related proliferative effects on breast cells. This review analyzes population, in vitro, animal, and clinical-trial data to clarify the relationship, highlighting issues of exposure misclassification and unmeasured isoflavone intake in hidden soy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/soy-and-isoflavones-revisiting-their-potential-links-to-breast-cancer-risk/370862/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/soy-and-isoflavones-revisiting-their-potential-links-to-breast-cancer-risk/370862.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aran","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is the link between soy/isoflavones and breast cancer risk controversial?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Biological studies show both beneficial and deleterious estrogenic effects, while population findings are inconsistent. Confounding factors and misclassification of exposure may also bias interpretations.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How might soy preparation influence isoflavone exposure?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Traditional domestic cooking methods in Asia can reduce isoflavones through basic water treatments. In the West, isoflavones consumed in hidden soy may be omitted or unmeasured.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What types of evidence does the review analyze?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review synthesizes several dozen population studies from Asian and Western countries, along with in vitro, animal, and clinical trial data covering relevant doses of soy and isoflavones.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},370862,1790729818,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},137455076865,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Review  \nSoy and Isoflavones: Revisiting Their Potential Links to Breast Cancer Risk  \nCatherine Bennetau-Pelissero   \nAcademic Editor: Carol Johnston  \nReceived: 13 July 2025  \nRevised: 31 July 2025  \nAccepted: 1 August 2025  \nPublished: 13 August 2025  \nCitation: Bennetau-Pelissero, C. Soy  \nand Isoflavones: Revisiting Their Potential Links to Breast Cancer Risk. Nutrients 2025, 17, 2621. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/nu17162621](doi.org/10.3390/nu17162621)  \n[Copyright:](Copyright:) © 2025 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \nDepartment Feed & Food, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, Gradignan Cedex, 33175 Bordeaux, France; catherine.bennetau@laposte.net  \nAbstract  \nSoy has a long history of consumption in Asia and was traditionally prepared by rinsing, cooking, and simmering, methods which remove estrogenic isoflavones (Isofls) . Population studies have indicated that soy and/or Isofls may be associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer (BC), while in vitro and experimental data indicate dose-related proliferative effects of Isofls on breast cells. This review attempts to decipher the role of soy and Isoflsin the risk of BC in women, since previous studies have suggested a lack of association with BC. Several dozen population studies conducted in Asian and Western countries were analyzed, as were data collected during in vitro animal and clinical trials of relevant doses of soy and Isofls. Although soy intake has been estimated well in Asian countries and could be related to preventive effects on BC risk, this has not been the case in the West, where the consumption of hidden soy is often omitted. However, in both cultures, the Isofl intake is misestimated, and the groups are misclassified. Indeed, in Asia, the origin of soy foods, i.e., homemade or industrial, has never been reported, and in the West, the amount of Isofls consumed in hidden soy has not been determined. Moreover, in most cohort studies, only a few subjects were exposed to active doses of Isofls on breast cells. Similarly, clinical interventions showed estrogenic effects of Isofls at relevant doses. Finally, population studies have not shown any convincing link between soy or Isofl intake and BC risk, likely because they have opposite effects on this pathology. Thus, based on in vitro, experimental, and clinical data, a deleterious effect of Isofls cannot be excluded when active doses are ingested, even if the soy food matrix can be protective.  \nKeywords: breast cancer; soybean; isoflavones; cell culture; rodents; clinical trials; population studies; food preparation  \n1. Introduction  \nBreast cancer (BC) is a critical public health problem worldwide [1] . It is the second most common cancer diagnosed and a leading cause of death in women [1] . The reality of BC is complex [2–4], with some tumors sensitive to estrogens and expressing ERα and/or ERβ [2] and others expressing HER2, an epithelial growth factor [3], while others are classified as triple-negative BC (TNBC) [4] . TNBC comprises a variety of cancers, some of which can respond to estrogens and xenoestrogens via a transmembrane receptor—the G-Protein coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) . The affinity of this last receptor for Isoflsand several drugs used in BC management, such as tamoxifen or fulvestran, may lead to a multidrug-resistant pattern that makes treatment particularly difficult [5] .  \nIn this context, some authors continue to seek natural preventive or curative treatmentsand debate the potential effect of herbal medicines or functional foods to reduce BC risk [6].  \nThe potential role of soy and Isofls in estrogen-dependent BC is part of this debate. Soy Isofls are we","cbCaineo4aYCuP60","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaineo4aYCuP60","pdf",982050,52,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n## Breast cancer background and molecular subtypes\n## Rationale for dietary preventive/curative approaches\n## Soy isoflavones: chemistry, metabolism, and biological roles\n## Controversy and possible confounding factors","[{\"question\":\"Why is the link between soy/isoflavones and breast cancer risk controversial?\",\"answer\":\"Biological studies show both beneficial and deleterious estrogenic effects, while population findings are inconsistent. Confounding factors and misclassification of exposure may also bias interpretations.\"},{\"question\":\"How might soy preparation influence isoflavone exposure?\",\"answer\":\"Traditional domestic cooking methods in Asia can reduce isoflavones through basic water treatments. In the West, isoflavones consumed in hidden soy may be omitted or unmeasured.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of evidence does the review analyze?\",\"answer\":\"The review synthesizes several dozen population studies from Asian and Western countries, along with in vitro, animal, and clinical trial data covering relevant doses of soy and isoflavones.\"}]","Soy and Isoflavones: Revisiting Their Potential Links to Breast Cancer Risk | PDF",1790190714,131]