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two major themes does the special topic collection emphasize?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It emphasizes (1) racial and religious identities in classrooms, schools, and universities, including how educators mitigate or perpetuate systemic racism, and (2) school belonging and climate, including safety, harsh discipline exposure, and students’ doubts about belonging and diversity commitments.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the collection describe the persistence of racism and discrimination in education?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It states that interpersonal and systemic racism and discrimination persist across the educational system, from primary and secondary institutions through college, despite progress from desegregation, civil rights efforts, and Black Lives Matter.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What kinds of theoretical and measurement advances are highlighted?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The text highlights advances such as assessing gendered and racial biases in teachers’ attributions, frameworks for mitigating colonial and racialized trauma, and domains of antiracist activism to support racial justice and equity in schools.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},590208,1792120109,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & 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\nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2024. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nSources, Conceptualizations, and Mechanisms of Racism/Oppression for  \nAcademic and Mental Health Outcomes  \nWhitney M. Polk  \nUniversity of Delaware  \nNancy E. Hill  \nHarvard University  \nDiane L. Hughes  \nNew York University  \nInterpersonal and systemic racism and discrimination persist in our educational system—from primary and secondary institutions through college, despite the forward strides of desegregation, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Black Lives Matter movement. This special topic collection identifies and applies empirically and theoretically grounded conceptualizations of racism to improve our understanding of the experience of racism, interventions to mitigate it, and protective factors. The papers in this collection reflect two themes: 1) racial and religious identities in classrooms, schools, and universities, focusing on how educators mitigate and perpetuate systemic racism, including how White teachers understand the impact of race, how inclusive and antiracism curricula are received and rejected by future educators and clinicians, and the impact of exclusionary social networks in the hiring of teachers of color and 2) school belonging and climate, including documenting that students of color feel less safe, are disproportionately exposed to harsh discipline, question their belonging, and question commitments to diversity. The negative sequelae are concurrent and last into adulthood. In addition, there are several advances in theory and measurement, including assessing gendered and racial biases in teachers’attributions about students’abilities, frameworks for mitigating colonial and racialized trauma, and domains of antiracist activism to bring racial justice and equity to schools.  \nKeywords: critical theory, educational reform, equity, mental health, minorities, mixed methods, oppression, school belonging, school climate, social stratification  \nAt the time of this writing, the United States was squarely atthe center of a racial reckoning, even in the midst and aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the highly public and devastating murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, by police officers in Minneapolis, MN, thousands of protestors took to the streets to demand equal treatment. Citizens marched, pleaded, and cried, not just for equity in policing but for equity in our institutions and the policies and practices therein. Racism and oppression are deeply ingrained in every facet of American life, cemented within the very foundation of the United States (Cose, 2022) . Persistent inequities across our social, economic, political, and educational systems demonstrate how interpersonal, systemic, and cultural racism and discrimination continue to have deleterious effects on Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) throughout their lifespan. Despite some  \nracial progress, there continue to be reasons to conceptualize and identify mechanisms of impact and challenge racism and discrimination in order to protect and promote the wellbeing, mental health, and educational opportunities of BIPOC individuals and communities.  \nThe detrimental effects of racial discrimination on youths’ academic engagement (Leath et al., 2019), academic achievement (Merolla & Jackson, 2019), college graduation rates (Del Toro & Hughes, 2020), school discipline (ButlerBarnes & Inniss-Thompson, 2020; Carter et al., 2017), mental health (Cave et al., 2020), and overall well-being (Saleemet al., 2020) demand decisive action from researchers, educators, activists, and policymakers. To continue to dismantle racism and reduce its negative impact, the field requires a deeper understanding of the sources, c","cbCaigMMRbnEPhmK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigMMRbnEPhmK","pdf",389348,"English","# Themes and Scope\n## Racial and religious identities in classrooms\n## School belonging and climate\n# Interventions, Measurement, and Theory Advances\n## Bias assessment in teacher attributions\n## Mitigating colonial and racialized trauma\n## Antiracist activism and domains of impact","[{\"question\":\"What two major themes does the special topic collection emphasize?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes (1) racial and religious identities in classrooms, schools, and universities, including how educators mitigate or perpetuate systemic racism, and (2) school belonging and climate, including safety, harsh discipline exposure, and students’ doubts about belonging and diversity commitments.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the collection describe the persistence of racism and discrimination in education?\",\"answer\":\"It states that interpersonal and systemic racism and discrimination persist across the educational system, from primary and secondary institutions through college, despite progress from desegregation, civil rights efforts, and Black Lives Matter.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of theoretical and measurement advances are highlighted?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights advances such as assessing gendered and racial biases in teachers’ attributions, frameworks for mitigating colonial and racialized trauma, and domains of antiracist activism to support racial justice and equity in schools.\"}]","Sources, Conceptualizations, and Mechanisms of Racism/Oppression for Academic and Mental Health Outcomes | PDF",1792069075]