[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-607960-105":59,"doc-detail-607960-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","some-revenge-now-or-more-revenge-later-applying-an-intertemporal-framework-to-retaliatory-aggression","Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory Aggression","","Retaliatory aggression functions as a rewarding behavior, and decisions about such rewards are often shaped by intertemporal bias, including a tendency to favor immediate outcomes and discount delayed ones. This article integrates delay-discounting theory with retaliatory aggression research by testing whether discounting frameworks predict choices between immediate-but-lesser and delayed-but-greater retaliation. Across six studies (N=1,508), participants preferred immediate-but-lesser revenge, while aggression discounting remained temporally stable and related to greater aggressive conduct.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/some-revenge-now-or-more-revenge-later-applying-an-intertemporal-framework-to-retaliatory-aggression/607960/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/some-revenge-now-or-more-revenge-later-applying-an-intertemporal-framework-to-retaliatory-aggression/607960.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Elsa","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-17",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does intertemporal bias relate to retaliatory aggression in this article?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article frames retaliatory aggression as a rewarding behavior subject to intertemporal bias, predicting a preference for immediate retaliation over delayed retaliation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What do the six studies (N=1,508) find about revenge choices?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Across studies, participants generally preferred immediate-but-lesser retaliation and discounted the value of delayed-but-greater revenge.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which factors influence discounting of retaliation?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Aggression discounting is temporally stable and linked to greater aggressive behavior; angry rumination reduces discounting, and antagonistic traits are associated with stronger delayed-but-greater preferences.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},607960,1792426356,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26},137455077381,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Motivation Science  \nSome Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory Aggression  \nSamuel J. West, Emily N. Lasko, Calvin J. Hall, Nayaab G. Khan, and David S. Chester Online First Publication, October 18, 2021. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mot0000248](http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mot0000248)  \nCITATION  \nWest, S. J. , Lasko, E. N. , Hall, C. J. , Khan, N. G. , & Chester, D. S. (2021, October 18) . Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory Aggression. Motivation Science . Advance online publication. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mot0000248](http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mot0000248)  \nThis document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers . This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly .  \nMotivation Science  \n© 2021 American Psychological Association  \nISSN: 2333-8113 [https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000248](https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000248)  \nSome Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal  \nFramework to Retaliatory Aggression  \nSamuel J. West 1, Emily N. Lasko 1, Calvin J. Hall2, Nayaab G. Khan2, and David S. Chester2  \n1 Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University  \n2 Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University  \nRetaliatory aggression is a rewarding behavior. Decisions about rewarding behaviors often involve  \nan intertemporal bias, such that people prefer immediate reward and discount delayed reward. We  \nintegrated these literatures to test whether the delay discounting framework could be applied to retal  \niatory aggression. Across 6 studies (total N = 1,508), participants repeatedly chose between immedi  \nate-but-lesser or delayed-but-greater retaliation. As with other reward (e.g., money), participants  \npreferred immediate-but-lesser retaliation, discounting the value of delayed-but-greater revenge.  \nRates of aggression discounting were temporally stable and associated with greater aggressive  \nbehavior. Experimentally induced angry rumination reduced discounting rates, motivating partici  \npants to wait longer to inflict greater harm. Participants with greater antagonistic traits (e.g., physical  \nsadism), displayed stronger preferences for delayed-but-greater vengeance. These findings suggest  \nthat some dispositionally aggressive individuals may delay retaliation in service of greater future  \nrevenge. Our results bolster the important role of reward in retaliatory aggression and suggest that  \nan intertemporal framework is likely a fruitful area of investigation for antisocial behavior. We dis  \ncuss the implications of our findings in relation to contemporary theories of aggression and broader  \ntheories of antisocial behavior.  \nKeywords: aggression, delay discounting, intertemporal choice, revenge, provocation  \nSupplemental materials: [https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000248.supp](https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000248.supp)  \nRetaliatory aggression, more commonly known as revenge or vengeance 1 , refers to any attempt to intentionally harm a perceived source of provocation (Bushman et al., 2001) . Much research has focused on the proximate and ultimate forces that shape retaliatory aggression (Anderson & Bushman, 2002; McCullough et al., 2013) . Yet this literature has largely neglected an important aspect of revenge-seeking—the timeframe in which retaliatory aggression is exacted. In what follows, we drew from the established literature on delay discounting to develop two measures of preference for immediate-but-lesser versus delayed-but-greater retaliatory aggression. We examined these preferences across six studies, alongside the situational and dispositional forces that influence them.  \nSamuel J. West  [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-9159](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-9159)  \nNayaab G. Khan  [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9457-0711](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9457-0711)  \nAll ","cbCaiegqrj5G95Au","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiegqrj5G95Au","pdf",696080,24,"English","# Retaliatory Aggression and Intertemporal Choice\n## Intertemporal Choice and Delay Discounting\n## Measuring Preferences for Immediate vs. Delayed Revenge","[{\"question\":\"How does intertemporal bias relate to retaliatory aggression in this article?\",\"answer\":\"The article frames retaliatory aggression as a rewarding behavior subject to intertemporal bias, predicting a preference for immediate retaliation over delayed retaliation.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the six studies (N=1,508) find about revenge choices?\",\"answer\":\"Across studies, participants generally preferred immediate-but-lesser retaliation and discounted the value of delayed-but-greater revenge.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors influence discounting of retaliation?\",\"answer\":\"Aggression discounting is temporally stable and linked to greater aggressive behavior; angry rumination reduces discounting, and antagonistic traits are associated with stronger delayed-but-greater preferences.\"}]","Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory Aggression | PDF",1792208251]