[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40337-en":3,"doc-seo-40337-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},40337,8796095462418,"Noah","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780",8,"Research & Report","Some Milestones in History of Science Timetable","A chronological timetable of selected milestones in the history of science, tracking key developments from early domestication and agriculture to metallurgy, astronomy, writing systems, mathematics, medicine, and navigation. The timeline highlights domestication of animals and crops, emergence of irrigation and wheeled vehicles, advances in symbolic notation and pictographic writing, and early astronomical practices such as calendar stones marking Sirius’s rising. It also notes developments in medical documentation, alphabets, and theoretical ideas about nature, alongside technologies like bronze, composite bows, sails, and coinage.","| Some Milestones in History of Science |\n| --- |\n| About 10,000 bce, wolves were probably domesticated. |\n| By 9000 bce, sheep were probably domesticated in the Middle East. |\n\nAbout 7000 bce, there was probably an hallucinagenic mushroom, or 'soma,' cult in the Tassili-nAjjer Plateau in the Sahara (McKenna 1992:98-137) .  \nBy 7000 bce, wheat was domesticated in Mesopotamia. The intoxicating effect of leaven on cereal dough and of warm places on sweet fruits and honey was noticed before men could write.  \nBy 6500 bce, goats were domesticated. \"These herd animals only gradually revealed their full utility--sheep developing their woolly fleece over time during the Neolithic, and goats and cows awaiting the spread of lactose tolerance among adult humans and the invention of more digestible dairy products like yogurt and cheese\" (O'Connell 2002:19) .  \nBetween 6250 and 5400 bce at Çatal Hüyük, Turkey, maces, weapons used exclusively against human beings, were being assembled. Also, found were baked clay sling balls, likely a shepherd's weapon of choice (O'Connell 2002:25) .  \nAbout 5500 bce, there was a \"sudden proliferation of walled communities\" (O'Connell 2002:27) .  \nAbout 4800 bce, there is evidence of astronomical calendar stones on the Nabta plateau, near the Sudanese border in Egypt. A parade of six megaliths mark the position where Sirius, the bright'Morning Star,' would have risen at the spring solstice. Nearby are other aligned megaliths and a stone circle, perhaps from somewhat later.  \nAbout 4000 bce, horses were being ridden on the Eurasian steppe by the people of the Sredni Stog culture (Anthony et al. 1991:94-95) .  \n\n| About 4000 bce, light wooden plows were used in Mesopotamia. |\n| --- |\n| Between 4000 and 3500 bce, copper smelting in minute quantities was introduced in Mesopotamia. |\n| By 3500 bce, irrigation was developed in Mesopotamia. |\n| Between 3300 bce and 2850 bce, numerals appeared in Sumerian, Proto-Elamite, and Egyptian hieroglyphics, and, somewhat later, the earliest known forms of pictographic writing. |\n\nBy 3200 bce, wheeled vehicles were used in Uruk.  \nFrom about 3200 bce, there exist Egyptian sailboat drawings, showing a mast with a single broad square sail hung from it.  \nBy 3000 bce, cotton was being grown in India.  \n\n| About 3000 bce, draft oxen were pulling plows and potters were using wheels in Mesopotamia. |\n| --- |\n| About 2700 bce, cuneiform signs and numerals appeared on Sumerian tablets, with a slanted double wedge between number symbols to indicate the absence of a number, or zero, in a specific place. . |\n\nAbout 2500 bce, the Stele of Vultures shows the Sumerian infantry in a phalanx: \"all wearing helmets, advancing shoulder to shoulder behind a barrier of locked rectangular shields reinforced with bronze disks, and presenting a hedgehog of spears protruding from several rows back\"(O'Connell 2002:32) .  \nAbout the middle of the third millenium, bronze enabled the dagger form to be stretched into swords.  \nAbout 2400 bce, the short, composite bow was developed by mounted archers. Unstrung it curved forward and could pierce armor at 100 yards.  \n\n| About 2300 bce, Proto-Indian writing appeared in the Indus Valley. |\n| --- |\n| Before 2000 bce, the Egyptians considered the souring of wine comparable to the souring of milk. |\n\nIn the first half of the second millenium bce, Assyro-Babylonian cuneiform decimal notation gradually supplanted the Sumerian sexagesimal system for representing numbers below 60. For representing higher numbers the sexagesimal place-value principle with base 60 was invented (Ifrah 1981:371- 372) .  \nIn the seventeenth century bce, an Egyptian papyrus listed many diagnoses of head and neck injuries and their treatment and is the \"first known document in which the brain's role in controlling limbs or organs at a considerable distance is established\" (Changeux 1983:4; Breasted 1930) .  \nIn the seventeenth century bce, the first use was made of phonetic signs, derive","cbCainI2WroyEYbb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainI2WroyEYbb","pdf",1012342,1,127,"English","en",105,"# Selected Milestones by Era\n## Neolithic and Early Agriculture\n## Metallurgy, Vehicles, and Irrigation\n## Writing, Numerals, and Mathematics\n## Medicine, Alphabets, and Knowledge Traditions\n## Astronomy, Navigation, and Coinage\n## Early Natural Philosophy","[{\"question\":\"What kinds of scientific and technological topics appear in the timetable?\",\"answer\":\"The timetable covers domestication, agriculture, metallurgy, weapons and tools, astronomy and calendars, writing and numerals, mathematics, medicine, navigation, and early natural philosophy.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the document treat the development of writing and numbers?\",\"answer\":\"It traces the appearance of numerals and pictographic writing, the use of cuneiform signs, the absence of a number (including the concept of zero in context), and the transition from older number systems to decimal and place-value approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"What astronomy-related evidence is mentioned?\",\"answer\":\"It cites astronomical calendar stones on the Nabta plateau aligned with the rising of Sirius at the spring solstice, and also notes a continuous record of solar and lunar eclipses kept in 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kinds of scientific and technological topics appear in the timetable?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The timetable covers domestication, agriculture, metallurgy, weapons and tools, astronomy and calendars, writing and numerals, mathematics, medicine, navigation, and early natural philosophy.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the document treat the development of writing and numbers?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It traces the appearance of numerals and pictographic writing, the use of cuneiform signs, the absence of a number (including the concept of zero in context), and the transition from older number systems to decimal and place-value approaches.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What astronomy-related evidence is mentioned?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It cites astronomical calendar stones on the Nabta plateau aligned with the rising of Sirius at the spring solstice, and also notes a continuous record of solar and lunar eclipses kept in 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