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Tumor, suspicious, and healthy groups were assigned by malignancy development and exam findings, using t-tests, Wilcoxon tests, and repeated-measures models.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/soluble-cd44-in-oral-rinses-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer-a-prospective-cohort-study-in-high-risk-individuals/341534/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/soluble-cd44-in-oral-rinses-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer-a-prospective-cohort-study-in-high-risk-individuals/341534.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Oliver","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",7,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What was the primary purpose of measuring solCD44 and TP in oral rinses?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"To evaluate whether solCD44 and total protein measured from oral rinses can serve as affordable, convenient biomarkers for cancer detection, particularly in high-risk individuals.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Who participated in the prospective cohort study?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The study recruited 150 healthy current or former smokers through a community screening program.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How did the study define the cancer, suspicious, and healthy groups?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Participants were placed in the cancer group if malignancy developed during the study period; in the suspicious group if exams suggested premalignant disease or cancer in the head and neck; and in the healthy group if no suspicious findings were present.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},341534,1790135603,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":123,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},8796095461610,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Raslan etal. BMCOral Health (2024) 24:820 BMC Oral Health  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04463-8](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04463-8)  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nSoluble CD44 in oral rinses for the early detection of cancer: a prospective cohort study in high-risk individuals  \nShahm Raslan 1, Drew H. Smith2, Isildinha M. Reis3,6, Sophia J. Peifer4, Garrett Forman4, Uche C. Ezeh4, Priyashma Joshi4, Margaret Koester4, Isabella Buitron5, Abdurrahman Al-Awady4, Jerri Halgowich4, Huaping Liu4, Claudia Gordon6, Monica Webb Hooper7, Larissa Sweeny6 and Elizabeth J. Franzmann6,8*  \nAbstract  \nBackground There are 54,000 new cases of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer in the United States and more than 476,000 worldwide each year. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma make up most tumors with five-year survival rates of 50% due to prevalence of late-stage diagnoses. Improved methods of early detection in high-risk individuals are urgently needed. We aimed to assess the tumorigenic biomarkers soluble CD44 (solCD44) and total protein (TP) measured using oral rinses as affordable convenient screening tools for cancer detection. Methods In this prospective cohort study, we recruited 150 healthy current or former smokers through a community screening program. Baseline and four annual visits were conducted from March 2011-January 2016 with records followed until August 2020. Participants provided oral rinses, received head and neck exams, and completed questionnaires. SolCD44 andTP levels were measured and compared across groups and time. Participants wereplaced in the cancer group if malignancy developed in the study period, the suspicious group if physical exams were concerning for premalignant disease or cancer in the head and neck, and the healthy group if there were no suspicious findings. This analysis used two-sample t-test for comparison of means and two-sample Wilcoxon Test for comparison of medians. For subjects with follow-ups, estimated means of biomarkers were obtained from a fitted Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RANOVA) model including group, visit, and their interaction. Pairwise comparisons of mean solCD44 were made, including intergroup and intragroup comparison of values at different years.  \nResults Most participants were males (58 . 7%), \u003C 60 years of age. (90 . 7%), and Black (100%) . Baseline mean solCD44 was elevated (2 .781 ng/ml) in the cancer group compared to the suspicious group (1 .849 ng/ml) and healthy group (1 .779 ng/ml) .  \nConclusion This study supports the feasibility of a CD44-based oral rinse test as an affordable and convenient adjunctive tool for early detection of aerodigestive tract and other cancers in high-risk populations.  \n*Correspondence:  \nElizabeth J. Franzmann[efranzman@med.miami.edu](efranzman@med.miami.edu)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/l](http://creativecommons.org/l)icenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ([http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)) applies to the data made av","cbCaihOWKAwhNjAH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihOWKAwhNjAH","pdf",1501548,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What was the primary purpose of measuring solCD44 and TP in oral rinses?\",\"answer\":\"To evaluate whether solCD44 and total protein measured from oral rinses can serve as affordable, convenient biomarkers for cancer detection, particularly in high-risk individuals.\"},{\"question\":\"Who participated in the prospective cohort study?\",\"answer\":\"The study recruited 150 healthy current or former smokers through a community screening program.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the study define the cancer, suspicious, and healthy groups?\",\"answer\":\"Participants were placed in the cancer group if malignancy developed during the study period; in the suspicious group if exams suggested premalignant disease or cancer in the head and neck; and in the healthy group if no suspicious findings were present.\"}]","Soluble CD44 in oral rinses for the early detection of cancer - a prospective cohort study in high-risk individuals | PDF",1790042416,25]