[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-116656-en":3,"doc-seo-116656-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},116656,2336464648746,"Skyler","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","Software Takes Command - Extending the Language of New Media - Part 5","Software Takes Command: Extending the Language of New Media examines how contemporary societies are shaped by cultural software and by the evolving technical logics behind media applications. The book develops a framework for “software studies,” tracing media software histories, hybridization processes, and the design practices enabled by modern interfaces and workflows. It connects conceptual media theory to concrete examples, explaining how layers, remixability, composition-based spaces, and software-hardware relations influence social media aesthetics and media evolution.","[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nINTERNATIONAL TEXTS IN CRITICAL MEDIA AESTHETICS  \nVOLUME \\#5  \nFounding Editor Francisco J. Ricardo  \nAssociate Editor Jörgen Schäfer  \nEditorial Board Roberto Simanowski Rita Raley  \nJohn Cayley George Fifield  \nSoftware Takes Command  \nLEV MANOVICH  \nBloomsbury Academic  \nAn imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc  \n1385 Broadway 50 Bedford Square  \nNew York London  \nNY 10018 WC1B 3DP  \nUSA UK  \n[www.bloomsbury.com](www.bloomsbury.com)  \nFirst published 2013  \n© Lev Manovich, 2013  \nThis work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher. For permission to publish commercial versions please contact  \nBloomsbury Academic.  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data  \nManovich, Lev.  \nSoftware takes command : extending the language of new media / by Lev Manovich.  \npages cm (International texts in critical media aesthetics) Includes bibliographical references and index.  \nISBN 978-1-62356-745-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) --ISBN 978-1-62356-817-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Computer software--Social aspects. 2. Social media. 3. Computers and civilization. 4. Mass media--Technological innovations. 5. Computer graphics. I. Title.  \nQA76 .9.C66M3625 2013  \n006.7--dc23  \n2013002685  \nISBN: 978-1-6235-6261-8  \nTypeset by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Fakenham, Norfolk NR21 8NN  \nTo Hyunjoo  \nCONTENTS  \nAcknowledgments  \nIntroduction Understanding media  \nSoftware, or the engine of contemporary societies What is software studies?  \nCultural software Media applications From documents to performances  \nWhy the history of cultural software does not exist  \nSummary of the book’s narrative  \nPART 1 Inventing media software  \n1 Alan Kay’s universal media machine Appearance versus function  \n“Simulation is the central notion of the Dynabook”  \nThe permanent extendibility  \nThe computer as a metamedium  \n2 Understanding metamedia The building blocks  \n[Media-independent](Media-independent vs. media-specific)[ vs](Media-independent vs. media-specific)[. media-specific](Media-independent vs. media-specific) techniques  \nInside Photoshop  \nThere is only software  \nPART 2 Hybridization and evolution  \n3 Hybridization  \nHybridity vs. multimedia  \nThe evolution of a computer metamedium  \nHybridity: examples  \nStrategies of hybridization  \n4 Soft evolution Algorithms and data structures  \nWhat is a “medium”?  \nThe metamedium or the monomedium?  \nThe evolution of media species  \nPART 3 Software in action  \n5 Media design  \nAfter Effects and the invisible revolution  \nThe aesthetics of hybridity  \nDeep remixability  \nLayers, transparency, compositing  \nAfter Effects interface: from “time-based” to “composition-based” 3D space as a media design platform  \nImport/export: design workflow  \nVariable form  \nAmplification  \nConclusion  \nSoftware, hardware, and social media  \nMedia after software  \nSoftware epistemology  \nIndex  \nACKNOWLEDGMENTS  \nThe ideas and arguments in this book are the result of the author ’s interactions with hundreds of people over many years: students in classes, presenters at conferences, colleagues over email. I especially want to thank everybody who responded to my posts related to the ideas in this book on Twitter and Facebook as I was working on it from 2007 to 2012. They asked provocative questions, told me about relevant resources every time I asked, and encouraged me to go forward by asking when the book will be published.  \nThe following people at a number of institutions played particularly key roles in the book’s evolution and publication, and I would like to thank them individually (they are listed alphabetically by institution):  \nBloomsbury Academic (the book publisher):  \nKatie Gallof, Acquisitions Editor, Film and Media Studies.  \nJennifer Laing, Copy-editing.  \nFrancisco J. Ricardo, Editor, International Texts in Critical","cbCaigG0hZcDakOf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigG0hZcDakOf","pdf",10831276,1,370,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Understanding media\n## Software studies and cultural software\n## Media applications\n# Part 1 Inventing media software\n## Alan Kay’s universal media machine\n## Understanding metamedia\n# Part 2 Hybridization and evolution\n## Hybridization\n## Soft evolution\n# Part 3 Software in action\n## Media design\n## After Effects and remixability\n## Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What does “software studies” focus on in this book?\",\"answer\":\"It examines software as an engine of contemporary societies, treating software as a cultural and technical medium whose methods shape media and social practices.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book explain the concept of hybridization in media software?\",\"answer\":\"It contrasts hybridity with multimedia, presents strategies and examples of hybridization, and explains how computer media evolves through combining different media logics.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does media design play in the book’s argument?\",\"answer\":\"It uses practical design-oriented discussion—such as After Effects workflows, compositing, layers, and variable forms—to show how software interfaces enable new aesthetic capabilities and social media behaviors.\"}]","Software Takes Command - 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