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Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease was highlighted as highly prevalent, with liver fibrosis identified as the strongest predictor of adverse outcomes. Dietary soft drink intake was assessed via a validated food frequency questionnaire, and liver stiffness was measured using vibration-controlled transient elastography, defining significant fibrosis by preset cut-offs.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/soft-drink-consumption-and-liver-fibrosis-in-type-2-diabetes/410085/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/soft-drink-consumption-and-liver-fibrosis-in-type-2-diabetes/410085.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aurelia","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-29","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What population was studied in this research?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and imaging-documented hepatic steatosis were included, using data from the TESEO-DM cohort.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was soft drink intake measured and categorized?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Soft drink intake was assessed with the validated EPIC food frequency questionnaire and categorized as rarely/never, 1–4 servings per month, or more than 1 serving per week.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How was liver fibrosis evaluated?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Liver stiffness was measured by vibration-controlled transient elastography, with liver stiffness values above a specified cut-off used to define significant liver fibrosis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},410085,1790672238,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},1099514068365,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/10000253d8d9f28188e?_k=1776742907772140068","TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 18 December 2025 DOI 10. 3389/fnut.2025.1726040  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nYannan Jin,  \nKing’s College London, United Kingdom  \nREVIEWED BY  \nTheodoros Androutsakos,  \nNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece  \nSara Taha Elazab,  \nMansoura University, Egypt  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nMarilena Durazzo  \n marilena. durazzo@unito. it  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship ‡These authors have contributed equally to this work and share last authorship  \nRECEIVED 15 October 2025  \nREVISED 26 November 2025  \nACCEPTED 30 November 2025  \nPUBLISHED 18 December 2025  \nCITATION  \nFerro A, Bollati M, Caviglia GP, Armandi A, Bellini S, Limoncelli S, Mengozzi G, Barutta F, Broglio F, Beccuti G, Bugianesi E, Durazzo Mand Gruden G (2025) Soft drink consumption and liver fibrosis in type 2 diabetes.  \nFront. Nutr. 12:1726040 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1726040  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Ferro, Bollati, Caviglia, Armandi, Bellini, Limoncelli, Mengozzi, Barutta, Broglio, Beccuti, Bugianesi, Durazzo and Gruden. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nSoft drink consumption and liver fibrosis in type 2 diabetes  \nArianna Ferro1,2†, Martina Bollati1,2†, Gian Paolo Caviglia1,3 , Angelo Armandi1,3 , Stefania Bellini1 , Selene Limoncelli4 , Giulio Mengozzi1,4 , Federica Barutta1 , Fabio Broglio1,2 , Guglielmo Beccuti1,2 , Elisabetta Bugianesi1,3 ,  \nMarilena Durazzo1*‡ and Gabriella Gruden1,5‡  \n1 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, 2 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy, 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy, 4 Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory “Baldi e Riberi”, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy, 5 Division of Internal Medicine 3, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy  \nIntroduction: Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is highly prevalent among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and liver fibrosis represents its strongest predictor of adverse outcomes. Soft drinks (SDs), a major source of added sugars and fructose, have been linked to metabolic disorders, but evidence on their relationship with liver fibrosis inpatients with T2DM is limited. This study investigated the association between SDs consumption and liver fibrosis in adults with both T2DM and liver steatosis. Methods: We analyzed 273 participants from the TESEO-DM cohort with imaging-documented hepatic steatosis (Controlled Attenuation Parameter, CAP ≥248 dB/m) . SDs intake was assessed using the validated EPIC food frequency questionnaire and categorized as rarely/never, 1–4 servings per month, or> 1 servings per week. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) was assessed using vibration-controlled transient elastography and LSM >7 used as cut-off to define significant liver fibrosis.  \nResults: In age-and sex-adjusted linear regression, SDs intake was directly associated with LSM (β = 0. 181, 95% CI: 0 .062–0. 299, p = 0.003) . The association remained significant after adjustment for diabetes duration, total caloric intake, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and either body mass index (β = 0. 153, 95% CI: 0 .032–0. 274, p = 0.014) or CAP (β = 0. 150; 95% CI: 0 .028–0. 274; p = 0.017) . In logistic regression,","cbCaik6L2qNvxr5m","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik6L2qNvxr5m","pdf",515826,"English","# Introduction\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What population was studied in this research?\",\"answer\":\"Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and imaging-documented hepatic steatosis were included, using data from the TESEO-DM cohort.\"},{\"question\":\"How was soft drink intake measured and categorized?\",\"answer\":\"Soft drink intake was assessed with the validated EPIC food frequency questionnaire and categorized as rarely/never, 1–4 servings per month, or more than 1 serving per week.\"},{\"question\":\"How was liver fibrosis evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"Liver stiffness was measured by vibration-controlled transient elastography, with liver stiffness values above a specified cut-off used to define significant liver fibrosis.\"}]","Soft drink consumption and liver fibrosis in type 2 diabetes | PDF",1790584239,23]