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The paper links capitalism’s logic of inequality with democracy’s logic of equality, then shows why social and educational institutions must introduce a political element to contain conflict. It frames SFE as recognizing the cultural political authority of oppressed groups and promoting a conception of justice that shapes social institutions, supporting “political equilibrium” through balanced, fair relations between unequal groups.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/social-foundations-of-education-and-the-political-equilibrium-paper/599652/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/social-foundations-of-education-and-the-political-equilibrium-paper/599652.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"jayni","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the paper claim a political equilibrium is needed in a democratic and capitalist society?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It argues that capitalism drives inequality while democracy asserts equality, creating demands that can clash. To maintain stability over time, the economic system must include political elements—through social and educational institutions—that mitigate inequality and reduce destabilizing conflict.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does SFE mitigate inequality according to the argument?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"SFE is presented as recognizing the cultural political authority of economically and socially oppressed groups. By studying the relationship between schooling and society, it supports a conception of justice that helps cultivate consensus and balance social institutions.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the focus of SFE within the broader field of Foundations of Education?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Within Foundations of Education, the paper highlights one direction: SFE. It describes the discipline as examining the complex relationship between culture, schooling, and society, and as functioning as a tool to balance unequal social, political, and economic relations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},599652,1792172103,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},3985747859343,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","| | Social Foundations of Education and the Political Equilibrium |\n| --- | --- |\n|  |  |\n\nFuadAl-Daraweesh, University of Toledo  \nIntroduction  \nOne of the most discernable qualities of American society is the contradiction it holds between its economic and political systems, namely, capitalism and democracy. Despite scholars’ efforts to reconcile both systems, the demands of both systems are incongruous with each other. Capitalism is driven by the logic of inequality, driven as it is by unequal accumulation of capital, and democracy is driven by the logic of equality, driven as it is by the normative claim of moral and political equality. Thus in order to maintain stability over time, it is imperative for the economic system to include a political element that mitigates inequality through various social, and educational institutions. The process of mitigation is important in containing significant conflict between unequal social groups that would destabilize the social system. In other words, a kind of political equilibrium is required in a democratic and capitalist society. In this paper, I shall argue that Social Foundations of Education (hereafter SFE) serves to maintain this political equilibrium. It will be argued that SFE is a contributing factor in the mitigation of inequality by recognizing the cultural political authority of economically and socially oppressed groups. The argument is premised on the idea that the scope and the content of SFE is to mitigate the harsh reality of inequality, and consequently promotes a certain conception of justice. This conception ought to cultivate a consensus on issues related justice. This conception influences significantly thinking about social institutions. Mitigating inequality is a neutralizer between unequal asymmetrical relations, which serve as a means to depoliticize, and consequently achieve a balance.  \nThe argument is grounded in the work of Mannheim, 1 Galtung, 2 Foucualt,3 and Tozer.4 However, further development for the concept is needed. The concept of equilibrium is applicable to SFE, as well as to other discourses. This paper is divided into two sections. In the first section, I seek to provide exegetical explanations ofthe scope, content, and role of the discipline, as it pertains to core elements constitutive of the formation of the meaning, and the content of equilibrium. The purpose of SFE is, among others, to study and thereby understand the complex and dynamic relationship between schooling and society including culture. SFE influences thinking about society and its social institutions. In dealing with social justice issues, SFE promotes fair and just social institutions which are characterized by a balance between unequal social groups. In the second section, Social Foundations of Education and the Political Equilibrium, Ishall argue that the discipline serves as a tool, to balance the unequal social, political, and economic relations. This is achieved by disseminating information on the sociological, historical,  \n1. Karl Mannheimm, Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1940) .  \n2. Johan Galtung,“A Structural Theory of Aggression,” Journal of Peace Research, no.1,(1964): 95-119.  \n3. Michel Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, ed. Paul Rabinow (New York: the New Press, 1998) .  \n4. Steven Tozer, Sense Guy, & Paul Violas, School and Society (New York: McGraw, 2006) .  \nand philosophical foundations of education. In this process, educators and learners reflect on certain concept of justice, which includes, among others, discussing issues of race, class, gender, and age. This reflection is a recognition of the culture of oppressed social groups. Political equilibrium is a very important element, which preserves the continuity of history. The political balance is brought in to alleviate the gap between social groups, which are affected by inequality. Hence, it eases any potential conflic","cbCailvUmPCqHyRh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailvUmPCqHyRh","pdf",371523,"English","# Introduction\n## Foundations of Education","[{\"question\":\"Why does the paper claim a political equilibrium is needed in a democratic and capitalist society?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that capitalism drives inequality while democracy asserts equality, creating demands that can clash. To maintain stability over time, the economic system must include political elements—through social and educational institutions—that mitigate inequality and reduce destabilizing conflict.\"},{\"question\":\"How does SFE mitigate inequality according to the argument?\",\"answer\":\"SFE is presented as recognizing the cultural political authority of economically and socially oppressed groups. By studying the relationship between schooling and society, it supports a conception of justice that helps cultivate consensus and balance social institutions.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the focus of SFE within the broader field of Foundations of Education?\",\"answer\":\"Within Foundations of Education, the paper highlights one direction: SFE. It describes the discipline as examining the complex relationship between culture, schooling, and society, and as functioning as a tool to balance unequal social, political, and economic relations.\"}]","Social Foundations of Education and the Political Equilibrium - Paper | PDF",1792089187,25]