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The text frames the subject through the 1863 emancipation in the United States and the subsequent Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission, highlighting Dr. Samuel G. Howe’s observations that freedom improved life for refugees. It discusses hardships and prejudice alongside justice and opportunity, while presenting varying estimates of refugee numbers and citing contemporary reports and testimonies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/social-conditions-among-the-negroes-in-upper-canada-before-1865/324279/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/social-conditions-among-the-negroes-in-upper-canada-before-1865/324279.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Eden","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What prompted the Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission referenced in the document?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"In 1863, the United States emancipated enslaved people in the seceded states and established a Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission to determine what should be done for those freed by the war and those who would later become free.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does Dr. Howe characterize the effect of freedom on refugees in Upper Canada?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Dr. Howe argues that freedom improved conditions for Black refugees, citing advances in earning livelihoods, gathering property, marrying and respecting women, building churches, and sending children to schools.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why are the refugee population figures described as difficult to pin down?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The document notes that census figures were unreliable for this class of people and that different sources—travellers, fugitives, and interested parties—offered widely varying estimates.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},324279,1792189584,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},1374391974468,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","98-84366-3Landon,Fred  \nSocial conditions amongthe Negroes...  \n[Toronto]  \n1925  \n   \n# COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIESPRESERVATION DIVISIONBIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET\n\nORIGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED-EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD  \n\n| 308  \u003Cbr>Z  \u003Cbr>Box 214   | Landon,Fred,1880-  \u003Cbr>Social conditions among the ihgroen in Uppr  \u003Cbr>Canada,by Fred Landon…itegrint.ed rom  \u003Cbr>Ontario hitoricnl oci4ty's \"Pa!ors and records\",  \u003Cbr>vol:me XXII,1925.[Toronto,1925  \u003Cbr>25 cm。  \u003Cbr>20 p.   |\n| --- | --- |\n| Bihliograplhicnl foo+notos·  \u003Cbr>\"A selected bibliography on the bgro in Cansun\",  \u003Cbr>p.18-20.  \u003Cbr>174531  \u003Cbr>O   |  |\n\n## RESTRICTIONS ON USE:\n\nReproduchions may not be made without permission from Columbia UniversityLibranies  \n   \n   \nTECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA  \n   \nIMAGE PLACEMENT:IA IIA IB IIB5mm12:1  \n## FILM SIZE:\n\nREDUCTION RATIO:  \n   \n   \nDATE FILMED:F.C998  \n## INITIALS:\n\n   \n   \nTBACKING\\#:2sB1  \n   \nFILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES,BETHLEHEM,PA.  \nb17  \n30  \n\n| ONTARIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY  \u003Cbr>REPRINTS FROM  \u003Cbr>Papers and Records  \u003Cbr>Vol.XXII  \u003Cbr>TORONTO,1925  \u003Cbr>。  \u003Cbr>unntre502ed 6utu  \u003Cbr>人   |\n| --- |\n\n# Social ConditionsAmong the Negroesin Upper Canada\n\nBY  \nFRED LANDON,M.A.  \n# Social Conditions Among the Negroes inUpper Canada before 1865\n\nBY FRED LasDox,MA.  \nWhen the government of the United States emancipated the Negro slavesin the seceded states in 1863,there was instituted a Freedmen's Inquiry Com-mission to consider generally what should be done both with slaves who hadbeen freed by the operations of the war and those who should later become free.The members of this commission were Dr.Samuel G.Howe,Robert Dale Owenand James Mackay.Dr.Howe,soon after his appointment,visited UpperCanada and later made a report to Secretary of War Stanton'which presentsmuch information on the condition of the refugces who had entered the Britishprovince and were there making their home.His findings were highly favour-able to the fugitives and one sentence of the report has been frequently quoted,where,after noting some of the advances made by these people in their newhome,he adds:\"The refugees earn a living,and gather property;they marryand respect women;they build churches and send their children to schools;they improve in manners and morals—not because they are picked men,butsimply because they are free men.\"  \nDr.Howe was deeply impressed with this idea,that it was freedom whichimproved the Negro.In Canada he found the black man facing severe hard-ships in many cases.The climate was harsh as compared with the South,sometimes there was difficulty in making a livelihood,and there was occasionalprejudice.On the other hand,there was justice and opportunity and,aboveall,freedom.In the preface to his report Dr.Howe says:“When everybodyis asking what shall be done with the Negroes—and many are afraid that theycannot take care of themselves if left alone—an account of the manner in whichtwenty thousand of them are taking care of themselves in Canada may beinteresting,even if it be imperfect,and contain superfluous speculations.\"Dr.Howe's estimate of the number of Negro refugees in Canada wasbetween 15,000 and 20,000.This is but one of many estimates and it is ratherdificult to arrive at any definite figure,The question is of some interest,how-ever,as showing the effect of the refuge offered by Canada upon slave holdingin the South.For more than thirty years before the Civil Warcame,the slave-hokders had protested against the British policy of protecting Negroes in Canadaagainst their efforts to return them to slavery.The Canadian census figuresare quite unreliable with regard to this class of peaple.Rev.S.R.Ward,himself a fugitive,says that the enumerators ignored the portion of their reportdesignating colour.Thus we are left to draw srme conclusion from the manw1Refugee from slavery in Canada West,report to the Freedmen's Inqciry Commission,bys.G.Howe,Boston,1864.  \nHowe,Freednen's Inquiry Commission report,p.17.Ward,S.R.,Au","cbCaitu6mh0sH4TU","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitu6mh0sH4TU","pdf",1083966,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Freedmen's Inquiry Commission and Dr. Howe's findings\n## Estimates of refugee numbers and sources\n## Social conditions: hardship, prejudice, justice, opportunity","[{\"question\":\"What prompted the Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission referenced in the document?\",\"answer\":\"In 1863, the United States emancipated enslaved people in the seceded states and established a Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission to determine what should be done for those freed by the war and those who would later become free.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Dr. Howe characterize the effect of freedom on refugees in Upper Canada?\",\"answer\":\"Dr. Howe argues that freedom improved conditions for Black refugees, citing advances in earning livelihoods, gathering property, marrying and respecting women, building churches, and sending children to schools.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are the refugee population figures described as difficult to pin down?\",\"answer\":\"The document notes that census figures were unreliable for this class of people and that different sources—travellers, fugitives, and interested parties—offered widely varying estimates.\"}]","Social Conditions Among the Negroes in Upper Canada before 1865 | PDF",1789967509]