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It contrasts founders, other self-employed workers, and salaried workers, showing founders report higher rates of business and entrepreneurial skill gaps, while other self-employed report higher artistic skill mismatches. Logistic regression findings highlight distinct profiles and curriculum implications for embedding entrepreneurship education in arts schools.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/snaap-databrief-volume-8-no-1-unpacking-the-entrepreneurial-skills-gap/586617/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/snaap-databrief-volume-8-no-1-unpacking-the-entrepreneurial-skills-gap/586617.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Angel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What skills gap does the DataBrief focus on?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It focuses on discrepancies between skills arts students develop during postsecondary education and the skills needed to start and sustain entrepreneurial artistic careers, especially financial/business and entrepreneurial skills.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How are working arts alumni grouped in the analysis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They are grouped into three employment profiles: founders, other self-employed workers (freelancers and independent contractors), and salaried workers.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do the results suggest about founders versus other self-employed workers?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Founders show higher likelihood of reporting financial/business and entrepreneurial skill gaps and matches, while other self-employed workers show higher likelihood of reporting artistic skills gaps and matches.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},586617,1792165552,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},687207412472,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","7/15/2020 SNAAP DataBrief Volume 8, No. 1: Unpacking the Entrepreneurial Skills Gap  \nR  \nView this email in your browser  \nVOLUME 8, NUMBER 1  \nSNAAP DataBrief  \nDataBrief provides arts educators and arts policymakers with highlights of SNAAP data and insights into the value of arts-school education.  \nWhich Skills Do Founders and Freelancers Need?  \nUnpacking the Entrepreneurial Skills Gap  \nPrior SNAAP DataBriefs, reports, publications, and several other studies in the US and elsewhere have revealed significant discrepancies between the skills arts students develop during postsecondary education and the skills needed to start and sustain their career. The vast majority of these graduates currently working as artists report an artistic technique skills match; they developed such abilities during their schooling and use these skills in their work life, though compared to other skills, alumni are more likely to report an “excess” in artistic technique training (developed more than they use in their work) . In contrast, most SNAAP undergraduate alumni report business and entrepreneurial skills gaps: only about a quarter of arts graduates say their higher education institution helped them develop financial and business management skills and entrepreneurial skills, but most of these alumni say they  \n[https://mailchi.mp/7b1b1cb9b32e/snaap-databrief-august-12511464?e=bbecf41af2](https://mailchi.mp/7b1b1cb9b32e/snaap-databrief-august-12511464?e=bbecf41af2) 1/6  \nneed these skills in their work life (see Figures below) .  \nSkills gaps, or the apparent disconnect between arts school curricula and the post-graduation needs of arts alumni, have long been a source of contention, but the current economic landscape has further highlighted the critical need for artists to be entrepreneurial: artistic careers involve identifying and seeking out opportunities, taking risks, and rapidly becoming comfortable with change. The current landscape also underscores the likelihood of artists becoming entrepreneurs: artists are more likely than other professional workers to become self-employed (as new venture founders or freelancers) and are often pushed into selfemployment during an economic recession. SNAAP alumni assume a variety of entrepreneurial roles; working artists fall into three general employment profiles:  \n Founders: one out five (19%) alumni have ever founded a nonprofit or for-profit organization.  \n Other self-employed workers: more than two-thirds (71%) of alumni have ever been self-employed (freelancers, independent contractors) but never founders.  \n Salaried workers: 10% of working arts graduates have never been self-employed or founded an organization.  \nIn a paper I co-authored with Rachel Skaggs and Megan Robinson, and recently presented atthe Indiana University Center for Cultural Affairs’ Leveraging Creativity symposium, we draw on SNAAP data to further unpack debates about skills gaps by analyzing the skill profiles of founders and other self-employed workers (freelancers and independent contractors) . We asked: How prevalent are artistic, financial/business, and entrepreneurial skills matches and gaps among different kinds of entrepreneurial workers?  \nFigure 1. Skills Matches and Mismatches  \nSNAAP 2015-2017: sample only includes current professional artists who earned undergraduate degrees between 1976-2017 (N = 25,691)  \n[https://mailchi.mp/7b1b1cb9b32e/snaap-databrief-august-12511464?e=bbecf41af2](https://mailchi.mp/7b1b1cb9b32e/snaap-databrief-august-12511464?e=bbecf41af2) 2/6  \n*Skill disregard: graduates indicated they did not develop and do not need a skill in their work life.  \nControlling for socio-demographic variables (e.g. , gender, race) and educational experiences (e.g. , type of school, major) we used logistic regression models to analyze the relationship between skills and entrepreneurial career outcomes. The results show distinct patterns between the skill profiles of founders and other self-employed work","cbCaigAbtWUivJpU","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigAbtWUivJpU","pdf",1786061,"English","# Which Skills Do Founders and Freelancers Need?\n## Skills gaps after postsecondary arts education\n## Employment profiles of working arts alumni\n## Findings from logistic regression: matches and mismatches\n## Curricular implications for arts schools","[{\"question\":\"What skills gap does the DataBrief focus on?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on discrepancies between skills arts students develop during postsecondary education and the skills needed to start and sustain entrepreneurial artistic careers, especially financial/business and entrepreneurial skills.\"},{\"question\":\"How are working arts alumni grouped in the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"They are grouped into three employment profiles: founders, other self-employed workers (freelancers and independent contractors), and salaried workers.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results suggest about founders versus other self-employed workers?\",\"answer\":\"Founders show higher likelihood of reporting financial/business and entrepreneurial skill gaps and matches, while other self-employed workers show higher likelihood of reporting artistic skills gaps and matches.\"}]","SNAAP DataBrief - Volume 8 - No. 1 - Unpacking the Entrepreneurial Skills Gap | PDF",1792058596,15]