[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-124114-en":3,"doc-seo-124114-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},124114,7971461740886,"Theodore","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2",8,"Research & Report","Smart Diagnosis - Leveraging Machine Learning for Early Detection of Hepatitis in Healthcare - Paper","Hepatitis is a high-impact liver condition with significant global mortality, and existing detection and prevention approaches remain slow and insufficiently accurate. This paper develops a hybrid machine-learning approach based on a stacking-based classifier to enable earlier, data-driven diagnosis. Using a hepatitis dataset from the UCI ML repository, the workflow includes missing-value imputation, SMOTE for class balancing, and robust scaling. Feature relevance is evaluated via Chi-Square and Pearson correlation tests, and the model achieves 98.7% classification accuracy.","JOE International Journal of  \nOnline and Biomedical Engineering  \n[Onli](Online-Journals.org)[ne-Jo](Online-Journals.org)[urnals](Online-Journals.org)[.org](Online-Journals.org)  \niJOE | eISSN: 2626-8493 | Vol. 21 No. 1 (2025) |   \n[https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v21i01.51383](https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v21i01.51383)  \nPAPER  \nSmart Diagnosis: Leveraging Machine Learning for Early Detection of Hepatitis in Healthcare  \nHemang Mehta1, Vyom Shah1, Sashikala Mishra2, Nirmal Swain3, Chinmay Kulkarni4, Debabrata Swain1(􀀍)  \n1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India  \n2Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune Campus, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India  \n3Department of Information Technology, Vardhaman College of Engineering, Telengana, Hyderabad, India  \n4Department of Information Technology, University of Cumberlands, Williamsburg, KY, USA  \ndebabrata.  \n[swain7@yahoo.com](swain7@yahoo.com)  \nABSTRACT  \nThere is high variance related to the detection and prevention of human diseases. This is a concerning factor considering hepatitis. It is a disease that affects the functioning of the liver, which causes the deaths of millions of people in a year, around the world. Conventional methods are slow and inaccurate to a large extent. Machine learning (ML) is a process where a machine is trained using large amounts of data for it to predict about the disease. This paper aims at developing a hybrid machine-learning model using a stacking-based classifier. The hepatitis dataset is available in the UCI ML repository used in this work. A few data pre-processing steps were implemented on the dataset to create an optimum database. This includes imputing missing values, balancing the dataset using the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) and scaling the dataset using robust scaler. For selecting the optimum features, Chi-Square and Pearson Correlation tests were performed. The proposed model has reported a classification accuracy of 98.7% .  \nKEYWORDS  \nsupport vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), nearest neighbour classifier, hepatitis  \n1 INTRODUCTION  \nThe liver is a major metabolic organ of the human body [1] . Its synthesises proteins and biochemicals that are necessary for human organ growth. At present there are no efficient long-term alternatives for human liver. Short-term alternatives may include liver dialysis, which is costly and infeasible to maintain for a long time. In case of liver failure, the last viable option left is liver transplant. Therefore, livers are irreplaceable and should be kept as far from harm as possible. The worldwide mortality rate per year due to liver disease is approximately two million. Every year people suffer from various liver-related diseases. One of the common types of liver syndrome found in all age groups in the society is hepatitis. Hepatitis is a common condition leading to liver inflammation. It results from various infectious and non-infectious factors, leading to a variety of health issues, some of which are  \nMehta, H., Shah, V., Mishra, S., Swain, N., Kulkarni, C., Swain, D. (2025) . Smart Diagnosis: Leveraging Machine Learning for Early Detection of Hepatitis in Healthcare. International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE), 21(1), pp. 26–40. [https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v21i01.51383](https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v21i01.51383)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v21i01.51383)[Article submitted 2024-07-25. Revision uploaded 2024-10-20. Final acceptance 2024-10-20.](Article submitted 2024-07-25. Revision uploaded 2024-10-20. Final acceptance 2024-10-20.)  \n© 2025 by the authors of this article. Published under CC-BY.  \n26 International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) iJOE | Vol. 21 No. 1 (2025)  \nSmart Diagnosis: Leveraging Machine Learning for Early Detection of Hepatitis in Healthcare  \nlife-threatening. Hepatitis can affect a perso","cbCainhss8To9wu6","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainhss8To9wu6","pdf",1644626,1,15,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Hepatitis overview and clinical relevance\n# Methods\n## Dataset and data preprocessing\n## Feature selection strategy\n## Hybrid stacking-based model\n# Results\n## Classification accuracy and performance summary","[{\"question\":\"Why is early hepatitis detection important in healthcare?\",\"answer\":\"Hepatitis can progress from acute or chronic stages to life-threatening liver disease. Early identification helps support timely diagnosis and treatment decisions before severe outcomes occur.\"},{\"question\":\"What data preparation steps are used before training the model?\",\"answer\":\"The approach imputes missing values, balances the dataset using SMOTE, and scales features using a robust scaler to improve model stability and learning.\"},{\"question\":\"How are important features selected for the hepatitis classification model?\",\"answer\":\"Feature selection is performed using Chi-Square and Pearson correlation tests to identify the most relevant predictors for classification.\"}]","Smart Diagnosis - Leveraging Machine Learning for Early Detection of Hepatitis in Healthcare - Paper | PDF",1785820487,38,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"smart-diagnosis-leveraging-machine-learning-for-early-detection-of-hepatitis-in-healthcare-paper","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/smart-diagnosis-leveraging-machine-learning-for-early-detection-of-hepatitis-in-healthcare-paper/124114/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05","2026-08-04",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"Why is early hepatitis detection important in healthcare?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"Hepatitis can progress from acute or chronic stages to life-threatening liver disease. Early identification helps support timely diagnosis and treatment decisions before severe outcomes occur.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What data preparation steps are used before training the model?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"The approach imputes missing values, balances the dataset using SMOTE, and scales features using a robust scaler to improve model stability and learning.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"How are important features selected for the hepatitis classification model?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Feature selection is performed using Chi-Square and Pearson correlation tests to identify the most relevant predictors for classification.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]